Ecotoxicological evaluation of the additive butylated hydroxyanisole using a battery with six model systems and eighteen endpoints

Jos, Ángeles; Repetto, Guillermo; Ríos, Juan Carlos; Peso, Ana del; Salguero, Manuel Salguero; Hazen, M.J.; Molero, M. L.; Freire, Paloma Fernández; Pérez-Martı́n, José; Labrador, V.; Cameán, Ana M.

doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.11.004

Cited by 37 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…A quite feasible proposal is the direct interaction of BHA with cell membranes, resulting in alterations of the fluidity (Law et al, 1986;Picardo et al, 1987), permeability (Sgaragli et al, 1977;Murphy, 1989) and activity of enzymes (Sokolove et al, 1986). Indeed, permeabilization of membranes has been reported in Vero cells after BHA treatments (Jos et al, 2005), which can also cause swelling of cells or organelles (Lang et al, 1998;Zhang et al, 2000;Okada et al, 2001), as well as remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton (Jakab et al, 2002;Revenu et al, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…BHA shows no evidence of genotoxic activity in the most routinely performed assays (Williams et al, 1990;Jos et al, 2005) and prevents chemical-induced tumorigenesis in some animal tissues (Williams et al, 1986;Williams and Iatropoulos, 1996). On the other hand, this compound has been reported to be a forestomach carcinogen in rats, mice and hamsters (Ito et al, 1983;Clayson et al, 1990), a tumor promoter in kidney and urinary bladder of rats (Nera et al, 1988;Peters et al, 1996) and induces proliferation in the esophagus of monkeys and pigs (Iverson et al, 1985;Wurtzen and Olsen, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Moreover, we have recently evaluated the ecotoxicological potential of BHA using a battery of test systems and indicators, representative of a wide range of organisms (Jos et al, 2005). According to EU guidelines (Commision Directive 2001/59/EC), our results would classify BHA as "N/dangerous for the environment" and "R51/53/toxic to aquatic organisms".…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Cytotoxicity of butylated hydroxyanisole in Vero cells

et al. 2006

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Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) is perhaps the most extensively used synthetic antioxidant in the food and cosmetic industry, although considerable controversy exists in the literature regarding the safety of this compound. Most in vitro studies describing the effects of BHA have been performed in cancer cells, but it is unclear whether normal cells are equally susceptible to BHA exposure. The present study investigate the toxic potential of BHA in mammalian cells, using biochemical and morphological parameters, which reveal interference with structures essential for cell survival, proliferation and/or function. Cell growth inhibition was assessed by using colorimetric assays, whereas cellular alterations after BHA exposure, were evaluated using conventional light and fluorescence microscopy. Low doses of BHA exerted a significant cytotoxic effect, associated with loss of mitochondrial function. As the concentration of BHA was increased, morphological alterations in critical subcellular targets such as lysosomes, mitochondria and actin cytoskeleton, were observed. In parallel, BHA induced an irreversible loss of cell proliferative capacity, preceding apoptosis induction. Thus, the dose-dependent activity of BHA on Vero cells appears to be cytotoxic as well as cytostatic. Our observations, although simplified with respect to the in vivo situations, allowed the assessment of the specific damage at the cellular level, and provide some clue about the effects of BHA in non-tumoral mammalian cells.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Cytotoxicity of butylated hydroxyanisole in Vero cells

et al. 2006

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“…Neither citotoxicity nor mutagenicity was observed suggesting that B. monandra infusion is not able to induce mutagenic lesion in a cell free system. Studies assess the toxic action of plant extracts through various tests (Silva et al, 2006;Vasconcelos et al, 2007;Dias et al, 2007, within which the test is Allium cepa, which is a plant species commonly used to evaluate genotoxicity of chemical and environmental products (Smaka-Kincl et al, 1996;Moreira et al, 2002;Jos et al, 2005;Bagatini et al, 2007;Fachinetto et al, 2007) through the presence of micronuclei (MN), what derived from whole chromosomes or acentric fragments not incorporated into the nucleus during cell division. The chromosome fragments can result from clastogenic effects caused by chemical substances or aneugenic effects where chromosome is lost from mitotic spindles (Yi and Meng, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining the genotoxicity of an aqueous infusion of Bauhinia monandra leaves

Macêdo¹,

Sisenando²,

Queiroz³

et al. 2008

Rev. bras. farmacogn.

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“…BHA has been reported to be a forestomach carcinogen in rats, mice and hamsters (6,7). However, findings of other reports have demonstrated that BHA shows no evidence of genotoxic activity (8,9) and it prevents chemically-induced tumorigenesis in certain animal tissues (10,11).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Butylated hydroxyanisole affects immunomodulation and promotes macrophage phagocytosis in normal BALB/c mice

et al. 2011

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Abstract. Butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), a synthetic antioxidant, has been used in fat and fatty foods to prevent oxidative deterioration. However, the functions of BHA on immune responses in normal mice remain elusive. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of oral treatment of BHA on immune responses in normal mice in vivo. BALB/c mice received various treatments. Blood samples were collected and analyzed. Flow cytometry was used to determine the levels of the cell markers. Results showed that BHA did not significantly affect the weight of the animal body and spleen in normal mice. BHA promoted macrophage phagocytosis from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but did not alter this process in the peritoneal cavity. Furthermore, BHA did not influence natural-killer cell cytotoxicity in normal mice. Notably, BHA promoted the levels of CD3 (T cells) and decreased the level of CD19 (B cells), but did not significantly affect the levels of CD11b (monocytes) and macrophages (Mac-3) in normal mice. Based on these observations it can be concluded that BHA promotes immune responses by increasing T cells and activating phagocytosis by macrophages in normal mice. However, the molecular mechanisms require further investigation.

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Ecotoxicological evaluation of the additive butylated hydroxyanisole using a battery with six model systems and eighteen endpoints

Cited by 37 publications

References 19 publications

Cytotoxicity of butylated hydroxyanisole in Vero cells

Cytotoxicity of butylated hydroxyanisole in Vero cells

Determining the genotoxicity of an aqueous infusion of Bauhinia monandra leaves

Butylated hydroxyanisole affects immunomodulation and promotes macrophage phagocytosis in normal BALB/c mice

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