Ecosystem services and social equity: Who controls, who benefits and who loses?

Conceptual framework for analyzing the sustainability of socio‐ecological systems with a focus on ecosystem services that support water security

“…The use of an ES is not only mediated by ecological integrity, societies or individuals need to have characteristics that allow them to access the resource that will become a service (arrow 2 in Figure 1) to meet the demand and needs of the social system (arrow 3 in Figure 1). The coproduction of an ES requires the technological, financial, knowledge, and infrastructure management that allows society to obtain the benefits derived from the provision of ESs (arrow b in Figure 1 (Vallet et al, 2020); that is, for the coproduction of an ES to occur, physical and social capacity is required (Square III-Figure 1).…”

“…Then, it is necessary that different investigations can determine this threshold through analyses such as those carried out bySepúlveda (2013). The values presented in Table1have been estimated by research conducted bySepúlveda (2013), andArango (2022) in tropical ecosystems of the Colombian Andes.12 The equations or methodological approximations are a proposal, and their selection will depend on the purpose of the investigation and the available information and time.13 Information was taken https://www.bancomundial.org/es/news/ factsheet/2022/05/02/fact-sheet-an-adjustment-to-global-povertylines#:$:text=La%20nueva%20l%C3%ADnea%20mundial%20deviven% 20en%20la%20pobreza%20extrema [Retrieved January 3, 2023].14 Synergies phenomena occur, for example, when an increase in the supply of one ES favors an increase in another ES(Lee & Lautenbach, 2016;Wang et al, 2017).15 Tradeoffs of ES arise when management options made by humans involve optimizing the supply of a few ESs, degrading other services(Vallet et al, 2020). For example, this occurs when transformation processes occur to increase final ES or provisioning services but at the expense of declining regulatory or intermediate services(Carpenter et al, 2012;Nguyen et al, 2013).16 It is considered manageable when different actions or strategies can be designed and implemented from the administration or the community that make it possible to modify some of the components that affect sustainability of the SES and guarantee hydraulic safety in the short and medium term.…”