“…After the global financial crisis of 2007-09, various regulations were adopted or considered to manage the risky activities for the banking sector (such as separating the risky investment banking business from the less risky commercial banking business), especially for the TBTF banks. Some economists and policymakers (e.g., Fisher, 2011;Fisher & Rosenblum, 2012;Tarullo, 2012;Haldane & Booth, 2014) even proposed to control the bank sizes, although these proposals have not been implemented. Although these regulations after the global financial crisis have greatly enhanced the stability of the banking sector 3 , the size control might bring additional cost burden for the banks and society 4 , if the potential increasing returns to scale (IRS) in cost, revenue, and profit are prevented.…”