The geographical and sectoral concentration of global supply chains

Abstract

Due to international fragmentation, production increasingly occurs in global supply chains (GSC). The common belief is that this leads to more specialization, which implies more concentration of imports and exports over time. In this paper, we empirically test this hypothesis by analysing the geographical and sectoral concentration of GSC over the period 1995-2011. We adapt the traditional Herfindahl's concentration indexes to a multi-regional input-output framework. Taking the information on intersectoral and interregional linkages into full account gives the concentration indexes of GSC. The indexes are at different aggregation levels, which enables us to examine both geographical and sectoral concentration patterns. After that, we analyse the effect a country's geographical and sectoral concentration on its gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. Our findings are: an increase of geographical and sectoral concentration of GSC from 1995 to 2011; a growing role in global production chains played by China and other Asian countries; less concentration for European Union countries; a significant positive effect of geographical concentration on GDP per capita; and a significant negative effect of sectoral concentration.

Spatial Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Night Cultural and Tourism Consumption Agglomeration Areas in China

“…2) Geographical Concentration Index: The geographical concentration index indicates the concentration degree of the distribution of spatial geographic elements within a certain region, and the average geographical concentration index is the average number of each regional element that is distributed in a certain region. Furthermore, the comparison results between the two can reflect the concentration degree of the spatial distribution of each night aggregation areas at the provincial level [70]…”

“…This study referenced the classification of tourism resource categories in the 2017 edition of "Classification, Survey and Evaluation of Tourism Resources" (GB/T 18972−2017), as well as the classification of types in the declaration form of night agglomeration areas. Furthermore, the present research drew on the studies (35,70) of classification criteria of tourism resource attributes and functions, in addition to consulting the opinions of field experts by systematically sorting out the development characteristics of the 243 night agglomeration areas. Accordingly, eight types of agglomeration areas were defined: Historical The structure is 30 m high, circling from the slope to the top of the mountain, creating various atmospheric and realistic landscapes along the way, in addition to food and beverage services, carnival area, cinema block, theater, bookstore, café, cultural and creative block, museum, gym, pavilions.…”