Economic sanctions and child HIV

Kim, Yiyeon

doi:10.1002/hpm.2727

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Most articles identifying physical effects (59%; 16/27) provided evidence for increased mortality—a large majority from within those articles (88%; 14/16) for infant mortality, 5,41–53 a quarter (25%; 4/16) for maternal mortality, 42,47,48,52,53 and more than a third (36%; 6/16) for general mortality. 48,49,52,54,55 Reasons reported for increased mortality, especially infant and maternal mortality, included mortality from infectious disease, 5,41,45,51,54 noncommunicable diseases, 41,48 nutrition-related causes, 5,41,42,46–48,51 increased poverty, 42,45,46,49 reduced access to medicines and health care, 41,42,44–47,49,51 and destruction of public infrastructure. 41,42,45 Two articles (13%; 2/16) reported that compared to war or natural emergencies, the highest rates of infant mortality occurred under sanctions, concluding that prolonged sanctions are more lethal for infants and children than other sources of social and political distress.…”

Section: Direct Impact Of Sanctions On Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Barriers to medical services. Half of the articles (50%; 22/44) indicated decreased access to primary care services, 56 reductions in the health care labor force, 13,40,59,69,72,73 difficulties obtaining medical care for children, 56 deteriorated health facilities and services, 13,15,46,49,51,64,65,71,74,75 reduction in health system capacity-for example, limited number of inpatient beds, 55,69,73 weakening of health service planning, 13,40,73 curtailed treatment options, 55,71 and reduced capacity for preventative and curative treatment options. 55 Reasons for decreased availability of medical services included an exit of nursing and medical staff, 69,72,73 restricted contact between local doctors and international experts, 69 lack of gasoline and electricity, 69 weakened infrastructure, 41,44,56,69,72,73 and decline in revenues leading to cuts in health care services.…”

Section: Health Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Violence of Non-Violence: A Systematic Mixed-Studies Review on the Health Effects of Sanctions

Chaufan

Yousefi

Zaman

2022

International Journal of Social Determinants of Health and Heal

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The use of sanctions as a policy tool to affect change in the political behavior of target states has increased over the past 30 years, along with a concern about their impact on civilian health. Some researchers have proposed that targeting sanctions can avoid their moral costs, yet others have challenged this claim. This systematic mixed-studies review explored the debate about targeted sanctions by appraising their health effects as reported in the medical and public health literature, with a global focus and through the COVID-19 era. We searched three electronic databases without temporal or geographical restrictions and identified 50 studies spanning three decades (1992–2021) meeting our inclusion criteria. Using a piloted form, we extracted quotations addressing our research questions and identified themes that we grouped according to the effects of sanctions on health or its determinants, generating frequency distributions to assess the strength of support for each theme. While no study posited a causal relationship between sanctions and health, or engaged the morality of sanctions, most implied that when sanctions were present, health was inevitably impacted, even for sanctions ostensibly targeted to minimize civilian harm. Our findings suggest that given the integrated nature of the global economy, it is all but impossible to design sanctions that will achieve their stated goals without inflicting significant harm on civilians. We conclude that the use of sanctions as a policy tool threatens global health and human rights, especially in times of crises.

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Section: Direct Impact Of Sanctions On Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Health Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Violence of Non-Violence: A Systematic Mixed-Studies Review on the Health Effects of Sanctions

Chaufan

Yousefi

Zaman

2022

International Journal of Social Determinants of Health and Heal

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“…[59]similar trend was interpreted about HIV/AIDS in 1990-2012, generally in developing countries. [60] Social determinants of health Seldom studies have reported impact of sanctions on the SDH in Iran. We may interpret the potential impact of sanctions, by reviewing similar studies in the contexts of economic sanction/recession in other countries.…”

Section: Health Outcomesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time for more evidence: a scoping review of the effects of sanctions on Iranian health

Majdzadeh

Yahyaei

Sajadi

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Islamic Republic of Iran has been the target of massive sanctions since 1979, which got intensified in 2005, 2012, and also in 2015 following JCPOA cancellation. Long-term economic sanctions have impacted Iran’s health system. The aim of this study is to examine the impact of sanctions on health system in Iran, and Iranian people’s health. Methods A scoping review was performed. PubMed/Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Scientific Information Database were searched from 2012 using the sanction, health and Iran keywords to find the studies that examined the impacts of sanctions on health in Iran. After screening, only original studies, namely studies which collected data through experiments, surveys, observation, interviews, or review of the literature were included, and letters to the editors and secondary reports were excluded. Final listings of articles were supplemented with hand searches of reference listings to ensure completeness. Data on study characteristics and the impacts of sanctions on health were extracted and summarized. Result The preliminary search has identified 273 documents among which 11 articles had the eligibility criteria to be included. They showed remarkable effects of sanctions on access to medicines for the treatment of cancers, non-communicable diseases, asthma, epilepsy, addiction, and hemophilia. Conclusion While there is a scarcity of evidence in quantifying the sanction’s impact and also the potential impact on different dimensions of people’s health, it seems that innocent people suffered from the economic downturn caused by sanction. The exact impact of sanctions on different health related areas could be the subject of further studies. Furthermore, more vigorous monitoring and evaluation systems are needed to investigate the effects of sanctions on health outcomes and system to be sure that they do not violate people’s fundamental human right to health.

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“…13 The impact of economic sanctions on the most disadvantaged is highlighted by a review of the impact of economic sanctions on 71 countries from 1990 to 2012 and HIV in children. 14 AIDS-related death rates increased by approximately 1% in children with HIV and new infection rates increased by 2.5%. 14 The USA has imposed economic sanctions on more countries than any other country.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…14 AIDS-related death rates increased by approximately 1% in children with HIV and new infection rates increased by 2.5%. 14 The USA has imposed economic sanctions on more countries than any other country. 7 One country in particular, Cuba, has experienced economic sanctions by the USA for 60 years.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%