Economic impact of severe and non-severe hypoglycemia in patients with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes in the United States

Abstract

Both severe and non-severe hypoglycemia incur substantial healthcare costs. Failure to account for these costs may under-estimate the value of management strategies that minimize hypoglycemia risk.

Is Prophylactic Intervention More Cost-effective Than the Treatment of Pathologic Fractures in Metastatic Bone Disease?

“…Evaluation of direct and indirect healthcare costs per episode of care has been used in some cost analyses [9,24]. Direct costs per episode of care include costs of labor, medical supplies, and surgical implants.…”

“…Although the clinical benefits of prophylactic stabilization have been well established, no studies to our knowledge, have provided a cost analysis comparing costs of this treatment option with the costs of providing care to patients after pathologic fractures have occurred. With the current healthcare focus on cost and value of treatments, physicians should be aware of relative costs of their treatment options [4,5,8,9,14,15,17].…”

Risk factors of severe hypoglycemia requiring medical assistance and neurological sequelae in patients with diabetes

“…[9] Severe hypoglycemia is defined as a state of low blood glucose that requires the assistance of another person [9] and this condition can lead to emergency department (ED) visits and often results in hospitalizations that incur substantial medical costs. [10] Moreover, severe hypoglycemia is strongly correlated with the increased risk of adverse clinical outcomes, such as cardiovascular events and mortality [11–13] that can lead to permanent disability, even following intensive care. Together, these conditions comprise a significant portion of the socioeconomic burden associated with diabetes.…”

Incidence and cost of hypoglycemic events requiring medical assistance in a hospital setting in Denmark

“…Each severe HE leading to hospitalization incurs an average cost of €2806.8 [14]. In a US setting, Foos et al estimate the direct cost of an HE requiring assistance from a healthcare practitioner of US$1161 (€1088) per episode [15]; and Samuel et al estimate the yearly cost of mild HE to approximately US$900 million roughly equal to that of severe HE [16].…”