Economic Impact of Heart Failure According to the Effects of Kidney Failure

Medical resource use and expenditure in patients with chronic heart failure: a population‐based analysis of 88 195 patients

“…These differences might be explained by differences in health systems, study populations, and approach used for the economic analysis . Most of the studies were performed in patients with reduced EF, followed‐up in cardiology or HF clinics, or with acute HF . Hence, these studies focused on a selected group of younger HF patients in whom invasive and costly investigations and treatments are often carried out, and therefore do not reflect the whole spectrum of HF patients.…”

“…Co‐morbidities were frequent in our study and associated with a stepwise increase in cost. Renal failure, anaemia, diabetes mellitus, and other co‐morbidities are associated with increased cost in HF patients. Paradoxically, elderly patients had a total healthcare and pharmacy expenditure that was lower than that of younger patients (€5166 in those >84 years old vs. €7782 in patients 65–74 years old).…”

“…Previous studies have shown that hospitalization accounts for two‐thirds of the total HF‐related expenditure . However, these studies included patients with reduced EF, with acute HF, or followed‐up in cardiology or HF clinics . Hence, these studies do not reflect the whole spectrum of HF patients.…”

“…In addition, HF expenditure is not evenly distributed across the spectrum of HF patients, with a few of them accounting for the majority of costs . Although some studies have analysed factors that affect expenditure in HF patients, these studies focused on patients after a HF hospitalization or with certain co‐morbidities (anaemia and chronic kidney disease) . Less is known on the effect of age or co‐morbidities on expenditure in the general HF population .…”

Novel devices to monitor heart failure and minimize hospitalizations

“…It is estimated that there are more than a million hospitalizations each year in both Europe and the United States due to HF [9,10], with HF being responsible for 1-2% of all health-care expenses [11,12]. In 2015, a Spanish study showed that the cost for a patient with HF is 10,771 Euros every 2 years [13,14] while the total cost in the United States in 2012 was estimated to be 30.7 billion dollars and is expected to rise up to 70 billion dollars in 2030 [8].…”