Economic analysis and probability of benefit of implementing onsite septic tank and resource-oriented sanitation systems in Seoul, South Korea

Hashemi, Shervin; Boudaghpour, Siamak

doi:10.1016/j.eti.2020.100762

Cited by 12 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Resource-oriented sanitation systems have the potential to generate an income for the community [15,16,46]. When the costs of an entire sanitation system, from pre-toilet to post-toilet, are calculated, including the use of treated urine and faeces as fertilizer or soil conditioner and the income from sale of agricultural, horticultural or other products derived from the system, resource-oriented sanitation systems are economically beneficial [11]. Critical to the success of this is the willingness of the local community to reuse the waste byproducts [15,46].…”

Section: Discussion and Concluding Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The one failure involved the project in Mupandawana, Zimbabwe, in which duckweed harvested from the wastewater treatment pond was to be used as chicken feed. The potential of the sanitation system to create a resource, which could have contributed to the local economy, was lost, as was the opportunity to ensure the sustainability of the sanitation system [11]. This again highlights the importance of extensive and early consultation with all sanitation system stakeholders, including producers and consumers, in the system's conceptualization, design and implementation [15].…”

Section: Discussion and Concluding Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sanitation services must extend beyond the simple provision of toilets to meet the UN Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG6) of ensuring the "availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all" [10]; the entire sanitation system must be provided, from pre-toilet to post-toilet [11]. Traditional centralised, big-pipe sewerage infrastructure cannot easily be implemented or expanded in many settlements in developing countries for economic, spatial, social, institutional, political and informational reasons [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Green Infrastructure for Sanitation in Settlements in the Global South: A Narrative Review of Socio-Technical Systems

2021

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In the developing economies of the Global South, a fundamental challenge in the transition of settlements from rural or periurban to urban is increased environmental contamination as a result of poor sanitation and sanitation management. With governments’ limited ability to connect all neighbourhoods to a city’s existing municipal water, sewerage and other services, decentralised approaches using green infrastructure offer potential to address this challenge. In addition, green infrastructure might facilitate a move towards a holistic response to manage the full water cycle. This paper presents a narrative review of green infrastructure projects, involving constructed wetlands or their variants for wastewater treatment, within vulnerable communities in the Global South. It describes the scale and scope of each project, identifies the challenges of implementation, and reflects on their outcomes for different stakeholder groups. The review demonstrates that decentralised sanitation programs using constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment can provide a range of advantages/benefits/services, dependant on the specific sociocultural, political and biogeophysical contexts of each. Issues of governance and sociocultural appropriateness, rather than technical issues, challenged the implementation of green infrastructure for sanitation in these projects. Projects must be a collaboration between the government, nongovernment organisations and the community. Whether the project is organised from top-down or bottom-up, community consultation is essential. Context will determine the role of the community in the consultation process and the type of information required to guide the design, implementation and governance of the system. In every project to provide decentralised sanitation systems, the community must be participants, not simply beneficiaries.

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Section: Discussion and Concluding Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussion and Concluding Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Green Infrastructure for Sanitation in Settlements in the Global South: A Narrative Review of Socio-Technical Systems

2021

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“…Source separation collection of blackwater (feces, urine and flushing water) and greywater (other household wastewater) is necessary for resource recovery treatment [2]. In well-designed and developed systems, blackwater can be further separately collected and treated as urine and feces, which leads to higher recovery efficiencies and better fertilizer products [3][4][5][6][7]. Blackwater contains high organic and nutrient levels (>50% of the organic content and 80-95% of the nutrients in domestic wastewater) [8], and the separate treatment of blackwater can maximize the possibility of resource recovery.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on Recycling Dry Toilet Generated Blackwater by Anaerobic Digestion: From Energy Recovery to Sanitation

Zuo

Zhou

et al. 2021

Sustainability

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Anaerobic digestion (AD) has been widely adapted for blackwater treatment, however, the effect of water-conserving toilet generated blackwater on the AD process is still unknown. In this study, the anaerobic digestion process of dry toilet generated blackwater was investigated by means of a biomethane potential test. It was demonstrated that anaerobic digestion was inhibited and then adapted because of a high total ammonium nitrogen (TAN) level (3673.3 mg/L). The start-up period was 14.04 days and the biomethane potential of dry toilet blackwater was 402.36 mLCH4/gVS (55 days, 38 °C). Inhabitation and adaptation could be described as the increase of free ammonia nitrogen content and acetic acid concentration, followed by an enhancement of the relative abundance of acetic acid-type methanogens (from 33.53–61.52%). The main pathogen in dry toilet blackwater fermentation broth, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, kept multiplying in the first 8 days and then stabilized at a higher level than that of the beginning. This work showed the self-adjustment process and pathogen dynamics of dry toilet blackwater anaerobic digestion and highlights the significance of dry toilet blackwater characteristics when designing and maintaining anaerobic digestion sanitary treatment and reuse systems.

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“…Due to poor sanitation, human wastes or waste generating from human activities and containing high level of organic pollutants and pathogens, are discharged into nearby vicinities which can cause environmental pollution and health risks to people. This lack of improper sanitation results in major economic losses through lost productive time, healthcare costs, and mortality ( Hashemi and Boudaghpour, 2020 ). Centralized wastewater treatment as being practiced in most developed countries is one of the solutions to treat those wastes, but, because of its high investment cost and requirement of skilled operation, it seems to be inappropriate for developing countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nouveau design solar septic tank: Reinvented toilet technology for sanitation 4.0

Koottatep

Pussayanavin

2020

Environmental Technology & Innovation

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The up-flow solar septic tank (UTST) and multi-soil layering (MSL) system has been developed and proposed as “Nouveau Design Solar Septic Tank”. The objective of this study was to verify functionality of the integrated UTST and MSL system for treatment of toilet wastewater (or black water) under actual conditions over a year at the Asian Institute of Technology campus, Pathumthani province, central Thailand. During the operation period which involved fluctuating flow rates, ambient temperatures and black water characteristics, the UTST unit yielded satisfactory performance with the average treatment efficiencies of 92 10% for total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD), 79 10% for soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), 93 9% for total 5-days biochemical oxygen demand (TBOD) and 90 12% for soluble 5-days biochemical oxygen demand (SBOD), respectively, while the MSL unit could remove 95 3%, and 88 15% of total kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP), respectively. The effluent TCOD, TBOD, TKN, nitrite (NO 2 -N), nitrate (NO 3 -N), ammonia (NH 3 ) and TP concentrations of the integrated UTST and MSL system were 39 27,8 27,5 5 mg/L, 2 2,39 24,8 9,2 5 and 1 1 mg/L, respectively, meeting the ISO requirements. The removal efficiencies of TCOD, SCOD, TBOD and SBOD exhibited positive correlation with the ratios of TBOD/TKN, TBOD/SBOD and TBOD/TP. With high treatment efficiencies and effluent quality meeting the ISO requirements, the nouveau design solar septic tank has been demonstrated as an innovative technology toward the sanitation 4.0 concept and the Sustainable Development Goal no. 6 (SDG6).

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Economic analysis and probability of benefit of implementing onsite septic tank and resource-oriented sanitation systems in Seoul, South Korea

Cited by 12 publications

References 15 publications

Green Infrastructure for Sanitation in Settlements in the Global South: A Narrative Review of Socio-Technical Systems

Green Infrastructure for Sanitation in Settlements in the Global South: A Narrative Review of Socio-Technical Systems

Investigation on Recycling Dry Toilet Generated Blackwater by Anaerobic Digestion: From Energy Recovery to Sanitation

Nouveau design solar septic tank: Reinvented toilet technology for sanitation 4.0

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