Ecology of yeasts in polluted water

Woollett, Lynn L.; Hedrick, L. R.

doi:10.1007/bf02069043

Cited by 26 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Bergen and Wagner-Merner (5) isolated Candida spp. from beaches in Tampa Bay, Fla. A study in the 1970s of the river water entering Lake Michigan just west of Mount Baldy recreational beach showed that C. krusei was the most numerous Candida species (40). Our results show that C. krusei is still the most numerous of the pathogenic yeast in this environment.…”

Section: Specificity Amplification Efficiency and Extrapolated Minimentioning

confidence: 54%

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Evaluation of a Rapid, Quantitative Real-Time PCR Method for Enumeration of Pathogenic Candida Cells in Water

Brinkman

Haugland

Wymer

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

143

116

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Quantitative PCR (QPCR) technology, incorporating fluorigenic 5 nuclease (TaqMan) chemistry, was utilized for the specific detection and quantification of six pathogenic species of Candida (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. glabrata and C. lusitaniae) in water. Known numbers of target cells were added to distilled and tap water samples, filtered, and disrupted directly on the membranes for recovery of DNA for QPCR analysis. The assay's sensitivities were between one and three cells per filter. The accuracy of the cell estimates was between 50 and 200% of their true value (95% confidence level). In similar tests with surface water samples, the presence of PCR inhibitory compounds necessitated further purification and/or dilution of the DNA extracts, with resultant reductions in sensitivity but generally not in quantitative accuracy. Analyses of a series of freshwater samples collected from a recreational beach showed positive correlations between the QPCR results and colony counts of the corresponding target species. Positive correlations were also seen between the cell quantities of the target Candida species detected in these analyses and colony counts of Enterococcus organisms. With a combined sample processing and analysis time of less than 4 h, this method shows great promise as a tool for rapidly assessing potential exposures to waterborne pathogenic Candida species from drinking and recreational waters and may have applications in the detection of fecal pollution.Yeasts are a significant component of the microbiota of most natural aquatic ecosystems (17, 33) and can also occur in drinking water distribution systems as a result of their ability to survive treatment practices and become incorporated into biofilms (6,12,22,30,31). The majority of these organisms have no known human health effect. However, a small number of species, primarily within the anamorphic genus Candida, are important opportunistic pathogens (23).The importance of pathogenic Candida as agents of nosocomial infections has led to the development of a number of modern molecular diagnostic methods to facilitate their detection and identification in clinical samples. Methods based on the PCR and DNA hybridization probes have received particular attention (9,25,26,32,39). The more recent advent of fluorescent probe-based PCR technology (21) has led to the development of homogeneous methods for detecting these organisms that require relatively short periods of time to perform (16,28).Quantitative PCR (QPCR) has been demonstrated to be useful for quantitative analysis of microorganisms in environmental samples (29,34,35,36), but, to our knowledge, this approach has not been used in the analysis of yeasts in water. Analyses for pathogenic yeasts in drinking or recreational water systems have the potential to expedite the identification of possible health hazards resulting either directly from the presence of these organisms or, as their presence might indicate, indirectly from other waterborne pathogens.The first object...

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Section: Specificity Amplification Efficiency and Extrapolated Minimentioning

confidence: 54%

“…Candida species are frequently isolated from human-impacted surface water and sewage (11,40). Bergen and Wagner-Merner (5) isolated Candida spp.…”

Section: Specificity Amplification Efficiency and Extrapolated Minimentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a Rapid, Quantitative Real-Time PCR Method for Enumeration of Pathogenic Candida Cells in Water

Brinkman

Haugland

Wymer

et al. 2003

Appl Environ Microbiol

143

116

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“…Higher isolation of Candida species can be detected at sites of heavy industrial and domestic pollution, probably associated with the presence of human wastes [68]. In one study conducted in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, higher numbers of Candida spp.…”

Section: Climate and Environmental Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geographic Trends in Invasive Candidiasis

Nishikaku

Melo

Colombo

2010

Curr Fungal Infect Rep

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Candida species are one of the most important causes of bloodstream infection (BSI) in tertiary-care hospitals worldwide. The incidence of candidemia and the Candida species causing these infections may vary geographically. Although C. albicans remains the species most commonly isolated, there is clear evidence showing increasing rates of BSI caused by Candida non-albicans species around the world. C. glabrata is the second most common cause of candidemia in North America, but it is less frequently isolated in Latin America. On the other hand, C. parapsilosis complex represents the second or the third most common species found in Latin American and Iberian countries, while C. tropicalis has emerged as a frequent agent of BSI in Latin America and Asia-Pacific regions. In this context, a complex set of clinical aspects and biologic factors may contribute to the geographic trends in the epidemiology of candidemia.

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“…In contrast, cell numbers or biomasses of aquatic fungi are much lower in the open water or in sediments, and high abundances are probably restricted to particles such as litter. For example, yeast cells in the pelagic zone (as a counterpart to free-living bacteria) have an average annual density of 0.7 colony-forming units (CFU) ml -1 in a nonpolluted lake (Woollett & Hedrick 1970), and 0 to 0.25 CFU ml -1 in Patagonian waters (Libkind et al 2003), and there is no evidence that free-floating fungal colonies occur in the water column. This suggests that eukaryotic fungi have less of an impact than bacteria in aquatic systems unless (1) the microhabitat is relatively constant over time (d) -e.g.…”

Section: Evolution Of Fungi In Aquatic Habitatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to Cryptococcus sp., several red and black yeast species occur in lake surface water (van Uden & Ahearn 1963, Woollett & Hedrick 1970, Slavikova et al 1992, Rosa et al 1995, Libkind et al 2003, Lefèvre et al 2007, and their production of photoprotective compounds is thought to be one of their adaptations as residents of surface waters (Libkind et al 2006). The yeast cell number correlates with the trophic status of the water body, ranging from oligotrophic to hypertrophic, and varies between 0.5 and 47 CFU ml -1 (annual averages) (Woollett & Hedrick 1970). Selected species can be used as bioindicators for several kinds of anthropogenic pollution in aquatic environments (Hagler 2006 and references therein).…”

Section: Pelagic Zonementioning

confidence: 99%

Fungi in lake ecosystems

Wurzbacher¹,

Bärlocher²,

Grossart³

2010

Aquat. Microb. Ecol.

205

170

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This review highlights the presence and ecological roles of fungi in lakes, and aims to stimulate research in aquatic mycology. In the study of lentic systems, this field is an almost completely neglected topic and, if considered at all, has often been restricted to specific groups of fungi, such as yeasts, filamentous fungi (e.g. aquatic hyphomycetes), or phycomycetes (an obsolete taxonomic category that included various fungal and fungal-like organisms). We document that aquatic fungi are common in various lentic habitats. They play potentially crucial roles in nutrient and carbon cycling and interact with other organisms, thereby influencing food web dynamics. The development and application of molecular methods have greatly increased the potential for unraveling the biodiversity and ecological roles of fungi in lake ecosystems. We searched the literature for reports on all fungi occurring in lake ecosystems. The present study summarizes information on the highly diverse mycoflora in lake microhabitats and highlights the main processes they influence. We also point out ecological niches of fungi in lakes that have been examined only superficially or ignored completely. We demonstrate that we now have the methodology to perform systematic studies to finally fill in some of the large gaps in this field.

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Ecology of yeasts in polluted water

Cited by 26 publications

References 28 publications

Evaluation of a Rapid, Quantitative Real-Time PCR Method for Enumeration of Pathogenic Candida Cells in Water

Evaluation of a Rapid, Quantitative Real-Time PCR Method for Enumeration of Pathogenic Candida Cells in Water

Geographic Trends in Invasive Candidiasis

Fungi in lake ecosystems

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