Ecology of Plastic Flowers

Rusman, Quint; Lucas‐Barbosa, Dani; Poelman, Erik H.; Dicke, Marcel

doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2019.04.007

Cited by 42 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…In contrast, such an extreme multivariate within-individual floral plasticity as the one reported here, stronger even than plasticity in key functional foliar traits ( Supplementary Fig. 3) and causing the appearance of two sets of animal-pollinated flowers that radically differ in their phenotype, has not been previously found 3 .…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 58%

“…Altogether, our findings demonstrate that M. arvensis produces two types of functional, well-integrated, animal-pollinated flowers. Floral plasticity usually expresses as subtle quantitative changes, such as variations in flower or petal size, colour, nectar production, floral volatiles, and number of reproductive structures 3 , 12 – 14 , 26 , 27 or changes in the proportion of self-pollinating cleistogamous flowers 28 . In contrast, such an extreme multivariate within-individual floral plasticity as the one reported here, stronger even than plasticity in key functional foliar traits (Supplementary Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The angiosperm flower is the quintessential example of an adaptive-integrated structure formed by multiple, functionally related parts that fit tightly together in a coordinated way to attract efficient pollinators, disseminate pollen, and promote plant reproduction 1 , 2 . Flowers may be plastic to attract certain pollinators or in response to some antagonists 3 – 5 . However, the environmental-induced modification of particular floral traits may imperil the correct functioning of the entire structure and diminish the fitness of the plastic phenotype 6 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flowers have, in many cases, coevolved with pollinators 2 , 9 , resulting in a vast array of floral morphologies finely matching their behavioural and morphological traits 1 , 10 . Given the universal association between floral phenotype and pollinator diversity and identity, the environmental-driven modification of flowers may influence the preference and visitation rate of pollinators 3 , 11 – 14 . Therefore, floral plasticity will not only affect the performance of the plastic individuals but it may also reshape the structure and dynamics of their interaction networks and modify the identity and breadth of their pollination niches 15 , 16 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Within-individual phenotypic plasticity in flowers fosters pollination niche shift

et al. 2020

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Phenotypic plasticity, the ability of a genotype of producing different phenotypes when exposed to different environments, may impact ecological interactions. We study here how within-individual plasticity in Moricandia arvensis flowers modifies its pollination niche. During spring, this plant produces large, cross-shaped, UV-reflecting lilac flowers attracting mostly long-tongued large bees. However, unlike most co-occurring species, M. arvensis keeps flowering during the hot, dry summer due to its plasticity in key vegetative traits. Changes in temperature and photoperiod in summer trigger changes in gene expression and the production of small, rounded, UV-absorbing white flowers that attract a different assemblage of generalist pollinators. This shift in pollination niche potentially allows successful reproduction in harsh conditions, facilitating M. arvensis to face anthropogenic perturbations and climate change.

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Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 58%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Within-individual phenotypic plasticity in flowers fosters pollination niche shift

et al. 2020

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“…Indeed, plants attacked early in development produced smaller inflorescences as compared with non‐damaged plants and plants attacked late in development (Hoffmeister, Wittköpper, & Junker, ). In addition to resource‐based mechanisms, flowering plants change flower traits as part of their defensive response induced by herbivory (Rusman, Lucas‐Barbosa, et al, ). Such changes are apparent in traits that function in both defence and reproduction, such as flower volatiles and colour (Desurmont, Laplanche, Schiestl, & Turlings, ; Rusman, Poelman, et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant ontogeny determines strength and associated plant fitness consequences of plant‐mediated interactions between herbivores and flower visitors

et al. 2020

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1. Plants show ontogenetic variation in growth-defence strategies to maximize reproductive output within a community context. Most work on plant ontogenetic variation in growth-defence trade-offs has focussed on interactions with antagonistic insect herbivores. Plants respond to herbivore attack with phenotypic changes. Despite the knowledge that plant responses to herbivory affect plant mutualistic interactions with pollinators required for reproduction, indirect interactions between herbivores and pollinators have not been included in the evaluation of how ontogenetic growth-defence trajectories affect plant fitness. 2. In a common garden experiment with the annual Brassica nigra, we investigated whether exposure to various herbivore species on different plant ontogenetic stages (vegetative, bud or flowering stage) affects plant flowering traits, interactions with flower visitors and results in fitness consequences for the plant. 3. Effects of herbivory on flowering plant traits and interactions with flower visitors depended on plant ontogeny. Plant exposure in the vegetative stage to the caterpillar Pieris brassicae and aphid Brevicoryne brassicae led to reduced flowering time and flower production, and resulted in reduced pollinator attraction, pollen beetle colonization, total seed production and seed weight. When plants had buds, infestation by most herbivore species tested reduced flower production and pollen beetle colonization. Pollinator attraction was either increased or reduced. Plants infested in the flowering stage with P. brassicae or Lipaphis erysimi flowered longer, while infestation by any of the herbivore species tested increased the number of flower visits by pollinators. 4. Our results show that the outcome of herbivore-flower visitor interactions in B. nigra is specific for the combination of herbivore species and plant ontogenetic stage. Consequences of herbivory for flowering traits and reproductive output were strongest when plants were attacked early in life. Such differences in selection pressures imposed by herbivores to specific plant ontogenetic stages may drive the evolution of distinct ontogenetic trajectories in growth-defence-reproduction strategies and include indirect interactions between herbivores and flower visitors.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Additional supporting information may be found online in theSupporting Information section. How to cite this article: Rusman Q, Lucas-Barbosa D, Hassan K, Poelman EH. Plant ontogeny determines strength and associated plant fitness consequences of plant-mediated interactions between herbivores and flower visitors. J Ecol.

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Herbivory and pollination impact on the evolution of herbivore-induced plasticity in defense and floral traits

Ramos

Schiestl

2020

Evolution Letters

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Theory predicts that herbivory should primarily determine the evolution of herbivore-induced plasticity in plant defenses, but little is known about the influence of other interactions such as pollination. Pollinators may exert negative selection on the herbivoreinduced plasticity of chemical defenses when floral signals and rewards are indirectly affected, provoking deterrent effects on these mutualists. We investigated the influence of constant herbivory and pollination on the evolved patterns and degree of herbivoreinduced plasticity in chemical plant defenses and floral morphometry and volatiles in fast-cycling Brassica rapa plants. To do this, we used plants from an evolution experiment that had evolved under bee/hand pollination and herbivory manipulated in a 2 × 2 factorial design during six generations, producing four selection treatments. We grew sibling plant pairs from each of the four selection treatments of the last generation and infested one group with herbivores and left the other uninfested. Herbivore-induced plasticity was analyzed within-and between-selection treatments. We found support for the hypothesis that constant herbivory favors the evolution of higher constitutive yet lower herbivore-induced plasticity in defenses. However, this only occurred in plants that evolved under hand pollination and constant herbivory. Bee pollination had a strong influence on the evolution of herbivoreinduced plasticity of all traits studied. Plants that evolved under bee pollination, with and without constant herbivory, showed remarkably similar patterns of herbivore-induced plasticity in their defense-and floral traits and had a higher number of plastic responses compared to plants with hand pollination. Such patterns support the hypothesis that bee pollination influenced the evolution of herbivore-induced plasticity, most likely via indirect effects, such as links between defense-and floral traits. We conclude that interactions other than herbivory, such as pollination, may impact herbivore-induced plasticity, through indirect effects and metabolic trade-offs, when it contributes to trait evolution in plants.

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Ecology of Plastic Flowers

Cited by 42 publications

References 128 publications

Within-individual phenotypic plasticity in flowers fosters pollination niche shift

Within-individual phenotypic plasticity in flowers fosters pollination niche shift

Plant ontogeny determines strength and associated plant fitness consequences of plant‐mediated interactions between herbivores and flower visitors

Herbivory and pollination impact on the evolution of herbivore-induced plasticity in defense and floral traits

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