Ecology of Callithrix kuhlii and a Review of Eastern Brazilian Marmosets

Abstract

We provide data on wild Callithrix kuhlii, a little studied species. We describe their ecology, focusing on demography, diet, and ranging patterns in 8 groups studied from 1995 to 1999. The groups averaged 4.3 individuals, with 1 breeding female and 1-2 adult males, and reproduction was seasonal. Evidence from nonstudy groups indicated the possibility of polygynous group structure. We observed group formation and the transfer of adults between groups. The marmosets ate 20 species of fruit and nectar and 5 exudate species. Home ranges were 34-39 ha, and daily path lengths averaged 1498 m. We include our data in a comprehensive review of eastern Brazilian marmosets to characterize their ecology. Callithrix kuhlii ate more fruit species and less gum species, and had larger home ranges and daily path lengths versus those of most congeners. There was also a tradeoff between travel time and other behaviors. Species with smaller home ranges spent more time foraging and resting and less time traveling than the ones with larger ranges. Attributes consistent with all species included their reliance on gum during fruit scarcity and preference for disturbed habitat. We explored factors relating to the variation in diet and ranging patterns within the eastern Brazilian marmosets, in particular by considering the species in relation to elevation and the extent and proximity of their distribution to the sea. However, large intraspecific variation resulting in part from variable levels of anthropogenic disturbance across Int sites confounded our ability to verify trends corresponding to the geographic characteristics.

Exudativory in Primates: Interspecific Patterns

“…Callithrix aurita Ferrari et al (1996) Callithrix flaviceps Ferrari (1988);Ferrari et al (1996) Callithrix kuhlii Raboy et al (2008) Eulemur macaco Simmen et al (2007) Euphorbia candelabrum…”

“…Lagothrix lagotricha Izawa (1975); Peres (2000) Pithecia albicans Peres (1993b) Pithecia monachus Izawa (1975) Saguinus fuscicollis Izawa (1978); Norconk (1986); Monge (1987); Soini (1987); Castro (1991); Garber (1993a, b); Peres (1993a); Smith (1997); Knogge (1998) Saguinus mystax Norconk (1986); Ramirez (1989); Garber (1993b); Peres (1993aPeres ( , 2000; Smith (1997); Knogge (1998) Mico intermedius Rylands (1982) Callithrix jacchus Bonvicino (1989) Callithrix kuhlii Rylands (1982Rylands ( , 1984; Raboy et al (2008) Callithrix penicillata Rylands (1984) Cebus apella Peres (1994a) Lagothrix lagotricha Peres (1994a, b) Leontopithecus chrysomelas Rylands (1982Rylands ( , 1989; Raboy and Dietz (2004) Mico emiliae Lopes and Ferrari (1994) Mico intermedius …”

“…In contrast, gum comprises more than 70% of the diet of C. flaviceps (Ferrari and Rylands 1994;Guimarães 1998;Corrêa et al 2000), C. aurita (Ferrari and Digby 1996;Martins and Setz 2000), C. jacchus (Ferrari and Digby 1996) and C. penicillata . With diets containing 28-67% gum C. geoffroyi (Passamani 1998) and C. kuhli (Rylands 1989;Ferrari and Rylands 1994;Raboy et al 2008) are the least gummivorous members of their genus. The recently reclassified Mico marmosets, represented by M. intermedius, consume about 15% gum (Rylands 1982), a figure more similar to Saguinus.…”

Dieta de Callithrix penicillata (E. Geoffroy, 1812) (Primates, Callitrichidae) introduzidos na Ilha de Santa Catarina

“…Embora exsudato seja o recurso alimentar que possui maiores registros de consumo em trabalhos realizados com dieta de Callithrix (MARTINS; SETZ, 2000; PASSAMANI; RYLANDS, 2000; CASTRO; ARAÚJO, 2006;RABOY et al, 2008), o forrageio (incluindo a procura e esforços para obtenção) por presa animal é a atividade alimentar registrada predominantemente nos trabalhos de Vilela e Faria (2004), Raboy et al (2008) e Zago (2012. Da mesma maneira, em ambos os grupos aqui estudados a categoria alimentação/forrageio por presa animal obteve a maioria dos registros, enquanto exsudato obteve os segundos maiores registros, seguido por fruto.…”

The Ecology of Exudate Production and Exudate Feeding in Saguinus and Callimico

“…Plant exudates represent an important year-round or seasonal component of the diet for a range of primates including all genera of tamarins and marmosets (Soini 1988;Stevenson and Rylands 1988;Rylands and de Faria 1993;Garber 1993a;Dietz et al 1997;Kátia et al 2000;Peres 2000;Miller and Dietz 2006;Digby et al 2007;Raboy et al 2008), several genera of African and Asian lorisoids (Euoticus, Galago, Otolemur, Perodicticus, Loris, and Nycticebus;Charles-Dominique 1977;Bearder and Martin 1980;Nash and Whitten 1989;Nekaris and Rasmussen 2003;Nekaris and Bearder 2007), Malagasy lemurs (Mirza, Microcebus, and Phaner; Radespiel et al 2006;Gould and Sauther 2007;Joly and Zimmermann 2007), cercopithecines (Papio, Erythrocebus, Allenopithecus, and Cercopithecus;Wrangham and Waterman 1981;Isbell 1998;Enstam and Isbell 2007), cebines (Saimiri and Cebus;Peres 2000;Stone 2007), atelines (Lagothrix, Ateles, and Alouatta;Peres 2000), pithecines (Cacajao; Peres 2000), and chimpanzees (Ushida et al 2006). Exudates exploited by nonhuman primates are produced principally from wounds present on tree trunks and branches, the stilt roots of certain species of palms, and inside the leguminous pods of trees of the genus Parkia (Ramirez et al 1977;Garber 1993b;Peres 2000;).…”