Ecology and behavior of wild black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor) in China with a reconsideration of evidence for polygyny

Bleisch, William V.; Chen, Nan

doi:10.1007/bf02381946

Cited by 31 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Among primates, early accounts of groups with multiple same-sex adults were first documented in gibbons [ Hylobates spp. : Fuentes, 2000], but they were frequently interpreted either as rare exceptions or as unstable groups going through transitions in composition [Srikosamatara and Brockleman, 1987;Bleisch and Chen, 1991]. Since then, however, white-handed gibbons (H. lar) , Cao-vit gibbons (Nomascus nasutus) and siamangs (Symphalangus syndactylus) have all been documented to sometimes form groups with multiple adults that can be quite stable over several years [Lappan, 2007;Reichard, 2009;Fan et al, 2015].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Saki Saga: Dynamic and Disruptive Relationships among Pithecia aequatorialis in Ecuador

Porter

Grote

Isbell

et al. 2015

IJFP

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Saki monkeys live in socially monogamous groups and in groups containing more than one same-sex adult. As part of a 10-year study of equatorial sakis (Pithecia aequatorialis) in Ecuador, we documented the immigration of a second adult male into a group containing a resident male-female pair that had associated with one another for seven years and the resident female's two daughters. In the first month after immigration, the resident male spent more time closer to and grooming his putative adult daughter than the resident female, and the two males were seen performing a cooperative territorial display. After two months, the resident male interacted more with the resident female than with his putative adult daughter, while that daughter interacted more with the immigrant male and copulated with him. After three months, the males left the group together and associated with an unfamiliar female, leaving the resident females and a neonate behind. The resident male then paired with a new female, while the immigrant male joined another group, again as a second male. Compared to other socially monogamous primates, sakis appear to have a more variable social system whereby additional males can join established groups and form relationships with putatively unrelated males.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Saki Saga: Dynamic and Disruptive Relationships among Pithecia aequatorialis in Ecuador

Porter

Grote

Isbell

et al. 2015

IJFP

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“…My own observations (Chapter 2, Ruppell in Nam Kading NPA) and preliminary studies in China (Bleisch and Chen, 1991;Chen, 1995, Fan and revealed extensive folivory and low frugivory in Nomascus compared to other gibbons. Based on the results reported in the present study, past studies (Ruppell, 2007a; and the work of others (Bleisch and Chen, 1991;Chen, 1995;, the home range size of crested gibbons is large (Table 14), especially when body size and diet are taken into account (Fig. 29).…”

Section: 4a Rangementioning

confidence: 83%

“…Past research of primates synthesizing the allometric relationship between body size and ecology indicates that a larger body size is associated with more folivorous diets, and consequently, a smaller home range area and decreased ranging patterns, including shorter day ranges (Harvey and Clutton-Brock, 1981;Peters, 1983;Garber, 1987;Fleagle, 1999). Preliminary observations (Ruppell in Nam Kading NPA, 2009) and preliminary studies in China (Bleisch and Chen, 1991;Chen, 1995) suggested extensive folivory and low frugivory in Nomascus compared to other gibbons. However, based on my own preliminary studies (Ruppell, 2007a;) and other's work (Bleisch and Chen, 1991;Chen, 1995), the home range size of crested gibbons appeared to be larger than other gibbons.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Preliminary observations (Ruppell in Nam Kading NPA, 2009) and preliminary studies in China (Bleisch and Chen, 1991;Chen, 1995) suggested extensive folivory and low frugivory in Nomascus compared to other gibbons. However, based on my own preliminary studies (Ruppell, 2007a;) and other's work (Bleisch and Chen, 1991;Chen, 1995), the home range size of crested gibbons appeared to be larger than other gibbons. Large home ranges are not expected for a primate folivore (Harvey and Clutton-Brock, 1981;Peters, 1983;Davies and Oates, 1994).…”

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confidence: 96%

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Ecology of White-Cheeked Crested Gibbons in Laos

Ruppell

2000

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The endangered white-cheeked crested gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys), native to Laos, Vietnam, and perhaps China, remains little known and highly threatened. I studied seasonal variation in the diet, activity budget, and ranging behavior of three groups of white-cheeked crested gibbons in Nam Kading National Protected Area, Bolikhamxay Province, Laos, over 12 months in wet seasonal evergreen forest. Crested gibbons (Nomascus spp.) are speculated to be more folivorous than other gibbons, but this has never been confirmed because of the paucity of fieldwork on the genus. I studied diet in relation to forest seasonality to determine the contribution of leaves to the diet over an annual cycle. Although leaves were the main dietary item throughout the year (53-85% of monthly diet), gibbons substantially increased their consumption of fruit during periods when it was most abundant in the forest. Because fruit is a calorically rich source of food, gibbons seek fruit when it is abundant and obtained easily. Young leaf consumption increased when they did not have access to fruit, indicating that their diet is flexible but strongly dependent on seasonal availability of resources. In addition, rainfall had a negative association with fruit abundance and fruit in diet.Activity budgets are an important aspect of a species' ecology because they are directly related to home range use, energy allocation, and diet, but they have never before been studied in gibbons (Nomascus spp.) of the rainy, mountainous, forests of Laos.Annually, the three groups that I studied spent nearly equal amounts of time resting (30%), feeding (33%), and traveling (35%), but only a small amount of time singing (2%). However, the proportion of time allocated to different activities showed significant ii seasonal variation associated with rainfall and diet, and correlated with home range use.Gibbons increased traveling time and decreased feeding time when they ate more fruit, and they decreased traveling time and increased feeding time when they ate more leaves.When the gibbons spent more of their time traveling, they also had longer day range lengths, and used a higher percentage of their total home range. Moreover, when rainfall was high, the gibbons decreased traveling time and increased time resting and feeding.Average home range size was 37.9 hectares and daily average distance over which the gibbons ranged over the 12 month study was 1.48 km per day. Differences existed among the three groups. Overall, white-cheeked crested gibbons have a home range similar in size or larger than frugivorous gibbons, and larger than the folivorous siamang. Ranging was highly seasonal with shorter day ranges during times of low fruit availability and consumption. During times of high fruit availability and low rainfall, the gibbons took on an energy maximizing strategy where they maintained large home ranges, traveled longer distances and consumed larger quantities of fruit.Gibbons and their habitat in Laos have faced continuous threats over the past 10 years ...

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“…As a consequence of these habitat differences, crested gibbons may need to depend on less rich food resources at times, with leaves comprising a seasonally important component of their diet [Bleisch and Chen, 1991]. In such cases, competition over more preferred food resources (limited sources of fruit for example) may lead to greater intraspecific competition, and could lead to local resource competition.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex Ratio Bias in Managed Populations of Hylobatids

Margulis

Burns²,

Rothenberg³

2012

IJFP

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A number of explanations have been proposed for the occurrence of sex ratio bias in primates, including the Trivers-Willard hypothesis on differential investment, local resource competition or enhancement as a result of sex-biased dispersal, dominance-related advantages conferred on one sex but not the other, and the fragile male hypothesis. However, none of these theories was thought to be applicable to monogamous primate species. Here, we examine data on zoo-housed populations of three hylobatid species to test the null hypothesis of equal sex ratio. We analyzed over 40 years of demographic data on Nomascus leucogenys, Hylobates lar and Symphalangus syndactylus. We identified a strong male-biased birth sex ratio in N. leucogenys. Male infant mortality was consistently higher than female infant mortality for N. leucogenys, but this difference was not significant. We found that prime-age N. leucogenys females (aged 13–20) produced significantly more male offspring than female offspring, and young S. syndactylus females (<13 years) produced significantly more female offspring. Recent field evidence of more flexible mating systems in H. lar and S. syndactylus may also be occurring in N. leucogenys. However, N. leucogenys has not been well studied in the wild. Ecological differences among species may further contribute to these observed patterns.

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Ecology and behavior of wild black-crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor) in China with a reconsideration of evidence for polygyny

Cited by 31 publications

References 11 publications

A Saki Saga: Dynamic and Disruptive Relationships among Pithecia aequatorialis in Ecuador

A Saki Saga: Dynamic and Disruptive Relationships among Pithecia aequatorialis in Ecuador

Ecology of White-Cheeked Crested Gibbons in Laos

Sex Ratio Bias in Managed Populations of Hylobatids

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