Ecological Approach of Campus Wastewater Treatment using Constructed Wetland

Effectiveness of two-stage horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland planted with Cyperus alternifolius and Typha latifolia in treating anaerobic reactor brewery effluent at different hydraulic residence times

“…Presently, the treatment of UASB reactor brewery effluent using the two-stage HSSFCW system plays an important role in reducing the in situ pH value to the neutral condition at all HRT operations. Similar to this study, Winanti et al (2018) observed a pH decline from 8.15 to 6.6 at 1 day HRT and increased to 7.0 at 3 days HRT, but again decreased into 6.8 at 5 days HRT operation with a working temperature range of 27-28°C in a HSSFCW system planted with Canna sp. during the treatment of grey wastewater.…”

“…Many studies have also recognized that sufficient contact time has a significant role in the TSS and COD removal since it offers both particles to settle, and improve the removal efficiencies through adhering rather than absorbed by vegetation (Mora-orozco et al 2018;Winanti et al 2018). Also, the biological process has a main role in the removal of organic matter through microbiological degradation with bacteria attached to macrophyte roots (Winanti et al 2018).…”

“…Many studies have also recognized that sufficient contact time has a significant role in the TSS and COD removal since it offers both particles to settle, and improve the removal efficiencies through adhering rather than absorbed by vegetation (Mora-orozco et al 2018;Winanti et al 2018). Also, the biological process has a main role in the removal of organic matter through microbiological degradation with bacteria attached to macrophyte roots (Winanti et al 2018). A study conducted by Sa'at et al (2017) using Cyperus alternifoliusbased treatment of aerobic palm oil mill effluent showed 96% COD and 91% TSS removals at 21 days HRT; whereas, the Typha latifolia-based treatment of wastewater achieved 92% TSS and 79% COD at HRT of 4.7 days with a loading rate of 150 kgha −1 day −1 (Ciria et al 2005).…”

“…This may be due to the combined effect of macrophytes probably due to their effective nutrient uptake potential as well as their extensive rhizosphere growth that serves as an important attachment site for various microorganisms and thus allowing more nitrification and denitrification processes. Many other contributing factors such as the aeration ability of the wetland macrophyte could also exert a resilient environment for the nitrogen transformation through providing large surface area for bacterial growth and the release of organic carbon as an energy source for more denitrification process (Nivala et al 2013;Akratos and Tsihritzis 2007), and plant attached microbial uptakes (Theophile et al 2011;Winanti et al 2018). Another research evidence also indicated that macrophytes serve as the key component of nitrogen removal in CW acting as a reaction medium for purification by enhancing a variety of removal processes (Wu et al 2015).…”

“…Nitrogen removal in CW relied on the nitrification-denitrification, oxygen-carrying capacity macrophytes, which related to root growth, and macrophyte adsorption processes. CW macrophytes root and media are also provide a larger surface area to microorganisms attachment for better nitrogen removal via nitrification -denitrification processes; whereas, a decrease in nitrogen removal efficiency was likely due to oxygen deficiency in HSSFCW filter media as a result of saturated conditions (Winanti et al 2018). Overall, both species richness and community composition constitute a greater effect on the nitrogen removal efficiency of a CW through increased biomass production, retention time, and microbial activity (Geng et al 2017).…”