Ecofriendly Approach for Treatment of Heavy-Metal-Contaminated Water Using Activated Carbon of Kernel Shell of Oil Palm

Baby, Rabia; Hussein, Mohd Zobir

doi:10.3390/ma13112627

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…The presence of different pollutants in water that are characterized by their non-biodegradable nature can affect the environment and humans' health [1][2][3]. Due to pollutants, heavy metals occur in a significant number of places; this type of pollutant represents one of the biggest environmental problems [4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eco-Friendly Materials Obtained by Fly Ash Sulphuric Activation for Cadmium Ions Removal

et al. 2020

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Wastes are the sustainable sources of raw materials for the synthesis of new adsorbent materials. This study has as objectives the advanced capitalization of fly ash, by sulphuric acid activation methods, and testing of synthesized materials for heavy metals removal. Based on the previous studies, the synthesis parameters were 1/3 s/L ratio, 80 °C temperature and 10% diluted sulphuric acid, which permitted the synthesis of an eco-friendly adsorbent. The prepared adsorbent was characterized through SEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD and BET methods. Adsorption studies were carried out for the removal of Cd2+ ions, recognized as ions dangerous for the environment. The effects of adsorbent dose, contact time and metal ion concentrations were studied. The data were tested in terms of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm and it was found that the Langmuir isotherm fitted the adsorption with a maximum adsorption capacity of 28.09 mg/g. Kinetic data were evaluated with the pseudo-first-order model, the pseudo-second-order model and the intraparticle diffusion model. The kinetics of cadmium adsorption into eco-friendly material was described with the pseudo-second-order model, which indicated the chemisorption mechanism.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eco-Friendly Materials Obtained by Fly Ash Sulphuric Activation for Cadmium Ions Removal

et al. 2020

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“…The adsorption rate was found to increase as the adsorbent dosage escalated. By which the maximum number of active sites may be responsible for the removal of more ions at their surfaces (Baby and Hussein, 2020). In a period of time, the surface of adsorption sites was fully occupied; these reflected the equilibrium point of the system.…”

Section: Oil Palm Waste As Adsorbentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Wood-Industrial Wastewater by Oil Palm Waste

Ayob¹,

Othman²,

Altowayti³

et al. 2021

J. Ecol. Eng.

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The use of heavy metals in the manufacturing industry over the past few decades has eventually contributed to a rise in the flow of metallic compounds into wastewater and has raised significant ecological and health threats to living things. Adsorption is an excellent way to treat solid waste effluent, offering significant benefits such as affordability, profitability, ease of operation and efficiency. However, the price of commercial adsorbent namely activated carbon has soared due to its high demand. There is also a green improvement in this method by turning the commercial adsorbent into agricultural waste. In Malaysia, the oil palm waste is such suitable material that can be utilized for making activated carbon, since they are ample and easy to find. Additionally, part of them is agricultural waste that cannot be consumed (i.e. leaves and fronds). Hence, this study aimed to analyse the potential of activated carbon from agricultural waste, namely oil palm waste, in reducing the levels of heavy metals in industrial wastewater.

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“…Indeed, thanks to their highly developed specific surface areas and large micro/mesoporous volumes, they can trap significant quantities of pollutants. Common applications are therefore air purification [1] and water treatment [2][3][4][5][6], but they can also be used in catalysis [7][8][9][10][11], as well as in energy-related applications, e.g., gas storage [12][13][14][15][16][17], solar refrigeration by adsorption [18,19], storage, and the conversion of electrochemical energy [20][21][22][23]. However, not all activated carbons are necessarily efficient in a given application, and it is necessary that their porous texture be optimized for the intended purpose.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Evaluation of the Impact of the Amount of Potassium Hydroxide on the Porous Structure Development of Activated Carbons

et al. 2021

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This paper presents the results of an evaluation of the impact of the amount of potassium hydroxide on the obtained porous structure of the activated carbons derived from the shells of pistachios, hazelnuts, and pecans by carbonization and subsequent chemical activation with potassium hydroxide by different adsorption methods: Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, Dubinin–Raduskevich, the new numerical clustering-based adsorption analysis, Quenched Solid Density Functional Theory, and 2D-Non-linear Density Functional Theory for Heterogeneous Surfaces, applied to nitrogen adsorption isotherms at −196 °C. Based on the conducted research, a significant potential for the production of activated carbons from waste materials, such as nut shells, has been demonstrated. All the activated carbons obtained in the present study at the activator/char mass ratio R = 4 exhibited the most developed porous structure, and thus very good adsorption properties. However, activated carbons obtained from pecan shells deserve special attention, as they were characterized by the most homogeneous surface among all the samples analyzed, i.e., by a very desirable feature in most adsorption processes. The paper demonstrates the necessity of using different methods to analyze the porous structure of activated carbons in order to obtain a complete picture of the studied texture. This is because only a full spectrum of information allows for correctly selecting the appropriate technology and conditions for the production of activated carbons dedicated to specific industrial applications. As shown in this work, relying only on the simplest methods of adsorption isotherm analysis can lead to erroneous conclusions due to lack of complete information on the analyzed porous structure. This work thus also explains how and why the usual characterizations of the porous structure of activated carbons derived from lignocellulosic biomass should not be taken at face value. On the contrary, it is advisable to cross reference several models to get a precise idea of the adsorbent properties of these materials, and therefore to propose the most suitable production technology, as well as the conditions of the preparation process.

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Ecofriendly Approach for Treatment of Heavy-Metal-Contaminated Water Using Activated Carbon of Kernel Shell of Oil Palm

Cited by 20 publications

References 50 publications

Eco-Friendly Materials Obtained by Fly Ash Sulphuric Activation for Cadmium Ions Removal

Eco-Friendly Materials Obtained by Fly Ash Sulphuric Activation for Cadmium Ions Removal

A Review on Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Wood-Industrial Wastewater by Oil Palm Waste

An Evaluation of the Impact of the Amount of Potassium Hydroxide on the Porous Structure Development of Activated Carbons

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