Eco-Friendly Ester Fluid for Power Transformers versus Mineral Oil: Design Considerations

Nogueira, Teresa; Carvalho, José; Magano, José

doi:10.3390/en15155418

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Finally, in 2022, a study [37] was published regarding the design of transformers that use biodegradable fluids instead of traditional mineral oils. They studied the designs required for three different transformers (Table 9) and offered data on the final designs in terms of physical and electrical dimensions (Table 10).…”

Section: (Mm) (H)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Brief Review of the Impregnation Process with Dielectric Fluids of Cellulosic Materials Used in Electric Power Transformers

et al. 2023

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In the manufacturing of power transformers, the impregnation of the solid electric insulation systems (cellulosic materials) with a dielectric liquid is a key issue for increasing the breakdown voltage of the insulation, and this prevents the apparition of partial discharges that deteriorate the insulation system. After introducing the problem, this article presents the theory of impregnation and later carries out a bibliographical review. Traditionally, mineral oils have been used as the dielectric liquid in electrical transformers, but for environmental (low biodegradability) and safety (low ignition temperature) reasons, since the mid-1980s, their substitution with other ester-type fluids has been studied. However, these liquids have some drawbacks, including their higher viscosity (especially at low temperatures). This property, among other aspects, makes the impregnation of cellulosic materials, which is part of the transformer manufacturing process, difficult, and therefore this tends to lengthen the manufacturing times of these machines.

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Section: (Mm) (H)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Brief Review of the Impregnation Process with Dielectric Fluids of Cellulosic Materials Used in Electric Power Transformers

et al. 2023

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“…Current research on the eco-friendly electrical insulation mainly focus on the gas and liquid insulating materials [7], such as the use of mixed C 4 F 7 N gas, compressed air or even vacuum to replace SF 6 gas, which has an extremely high global warming potential (GWP, GWP SF6 = 23 800, whereas GWP CO2 = 1) [8]. As for the eco-friendly insulating liquids, various of natural ester oil has been developed as a sustainable alternate to mineral insulating oil, and has been employed in on-site high-voltage power transformers [9]. These achievements have significantly promoted the development of green energy and facilitate the realization of 2050 carbon-net-zero ambitions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Full-life-cycle eco-friendly polymeric insulating materials: research progress and future prospects

Zhang

Zhao

et al. 2023

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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Polymeric insulating materials is the basis of electric power system and has been widely employed in various electric power system apparatus. With the emergence of net-zero carbon emission policies by 2050-2060, the eco-friendly polymeric insulation is urgent and promising in the R&D of advanced dielectric materials. This paper reviews the current progress of eco-friendly upgrade in each lifecycle stages of polymeric insulating materials, i.e. raw material, fabricating, operating, and retiring. A series of interesting and fundamental results have been summarized. Drawbacks of the current researches are discussed, and outlooks are provided for the future development of eco-friendly polymeric insulating materials. This paper is hoped to inspire some novel ideas for the development of advanced insulating materials suitable for the promotion of net-zero carbon emission technologies.

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“…It is a chemical compound formed as a result of the reaction of alcohol and carboxylic acid molecules, called an esterification reaction [3,4]. The greatest advantages of SEs include a high flash point (263.2 • C) and fire point (306.6 • C) [2], and the fact that these liquids are environmentally friendly [5]. The disadvantage of this liquid is its higher viscosity (70 mm 2 /s @ 20 • C) compared to mineral oil (22 mm 2 /s @ 20 • C) [3], which affects the viscosity (70 mm 2 /s @ 20 °C) compared to mineral oil (22 mm 2 /s @ 20 °C) [3], which affects the deterioration of cooling conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Mineral Oil Concentration in the Mixture with Synthetic Ester Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

Przybylek

2023

Energies

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Currently, synthetic ester is gaining a bigger share in the market. This type of insulating liquid is used both in new and operated transformers filled with mineral oil. In the case of transformers in operation, the synthetic ester is used in the retrofilling procedure, drying the cellulose insulation, or as a blend with oil, the properties of which are better than those of base liquids. In all these three cases, we are dealing with a mixture of synthetic ester and mineral oil. The concentration of both of these liquids in the mixture has a significant impact on its properties; therefore, methods are necessary to determine the content of individual mixture components. The article presents a method for determining the concentration of mineral oil in a mixture with synthetic ester using near-infrared spectroscopy. Based on the conducted tests, an absorption band was determined that can be used for this purpose. This band is centered at 2126 nm. The determined dependence of the absorbance on mineral oil concentration in the mixture with synthetic ester confirmed the linear nature of this relationship. The conducted research confirmed the possibility of using the method based on near-infrared spectroscopy to determine the concentration of individual components of a mixture of mineral oil and synthetic ester. The proposed method can be used both for a mixture of new liquids and mixtures of new synthetic ester with mineral oils of different degrees of aging. The method of determining the concentration of mineral oil in a mixture with synthetic ester based on near-infrared spectroscopy is new and is characterized by a higher accuracy in relation to the methods previously described in the literature.

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Eco-Friendly Ester Fluid for Power Transformers versus Mineral Oil: Design Considerations

Cited by 4 publications

References 44 publications

A Brief Review of the Impregnation Process with Dielectric Fluids of Cellulosic Materials Used in Electric Power Transformers

A Brief Review of the Impregnation Process with Dielectric Fluids of Cellulosic Materials Used in Electric Power Transformers

Full-life-cycle eco-friendly polymeric insulating materials: research progress and future prospects

Determination of Mineral Oil Concentration in the Mixture with Synthetic Ester Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

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