Eco‐friendly bio‐based composites of cassava starch and natural rubber compatibilized with nanoclays

Abstract

Biocomposite films from cassava starch (CS) blended with natural rubber (NR) compatibilized with nanoclay were prepared. Three types of nanoclays, that is, montmorillonite (MMT), kaolinite (KAO) and intercalated kaolinite (DKAO) were used with various content of 2, 4, 6 and 8 wt%, respectively. The mechanical property, water vapor transmission and water solubility of CS/NR composite films were investigated and the interaction of constituents in the CS/NR composites was also characterized by using x-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and dynamic mechanical analysis. The results revealed that the addition of clays considerably improved both the tensile property and water resistance over the pristine starch and CS/ NR film. Biocomposite film with 4 wt% of MMT exhibited minimum water vapor transmission and solubility in water content. The tensile strength of CS/ NR composites significantly increased while the elongation at break of composites tended to decrease with the increasing nanoclay content. Both mechanical and physical properties were attributed to strong interaction by forming the intercalated structure of MMT and exfoliated structure of DKAO within biocomposites while less interaction was obtained in the case of KAO. The compatibilizing effect of nanoclay in CS/NR composites was also indicated that the glass transition temperature (T g ) of NR or CS-glycerol phase shifted to higher T g than that of CS/NR film.

Effects of tire‐derived pyrolytic carbon black and pyrolytic heavy oil on the curing and mechanical properties of styrene‐butadiene rubber composites

“…Compared to N330, which has a clearly defined structure, CBp may have lower abrasion resistance due to the presence of ash and low‐structured impurities on its surface. Traditionally, it was believed that mechanical, mechanochemical, and thermochemical processes worked together to achieve abrasion resistance 45 . However, in contrast to commercial AO, the addition of HO has significantly altered the abrasion properties, indicating a new method of vulcanized network development.…”

“…Traditionally, it was believed that mechanical, mechanochemical, and thermochemical processes worked together to achieve abrasion resistance. 45 However, in contrast to commercial AO, the addition of HO has significantly altered the abrasion properties, indicating a new method of vulcanized network development. CBp, in our opinion, could partially replace the commercial N330 in terms of abrasion resistance.…”

Development of novel models for fatigue life assessment of natural rubber/styrene‐butadiene rubber/nanoclay nanocomposite

“…The results revealed that the addition of clays considerably improved both the tensile property and water resistance over the pristine starch and CS/NR film. The tensile strength of CS/NR composites significantly increased while the elongation at break of composites tended to decrease with the increasing nanoclay content 17 …”

“…The tensile strength of CS/NR composites significantly increased while the elongation at break of composites tended to decrease with the increasing nanoclay content. 17 Compression molding was used to produce elastomeric nanocomposite foams based on NR with a hybrid reinforcing system containing organo-modified nanoscale (NC) and nanocarbon black. 18 Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction results showed that NC exfoliation occurred at low NC concentration (less than 5 phr) while increasing NC content up to 5 phr led to aggregation.…”

High‐velocity impact behavior and quasi‐static indentation of new elastomeric nanocomposites reinforced with cellulose nanofibers and lignin powder

“…However, many researchers are trying to produce biocomposites with a low carbon footprint. 23,28,29 Therefore, the research process to use completely natural fillers such as cellulose and lignin has grown significantly in recent years. 30,31 The research process shows that lignin has been used as a filler in many polymers, especially natural rubber, and polyurethane.…”