Eco-efficiency considerations on the end-of-life of consumer electronic products

Abstract

Abstract-In order to improve the eco-efficiency at the end-of-life phase of consumer electronic products, comprehensive assessments should be made. The Quotes for environmentally WEighted RecyclabiliTY and Eco-Efficiency method (QW-ERTY/EE) developed at the Delft University of Technology is applied to aim at minimal end-of-life treatment costs against maximal environmental recovery. In this paper, the outcomes of this eco-efficiency concept are presented based on a range of improvement options like changing shredding and separation settings, plastic recycling, glass recycling, or separate sorting of certain products. The analysis of more than 75 different consumer electronic products clearly shows groups in state-of-the-art recycling performance in both environmental and economic terms and a substantial distinction between the various product categories. From there, the evaluation takes place of technical improvements in relation to current best-practice recycling. Even more, with the QWERTY/EE concept it is made possible to select and rank improvement options of current and future end-of-life processing and to determine which options bring substantial environmental gain in relation to financial investments made. For glass dominated products, an increase in glass recycling results in significant environmental improvements. The same counts for separate sorting and treatment of precious metal dominated products with a relatively high precious metal content like cellular phones. However, economies of scale are a major assumption that has to be fulfilled in this case. Other conclusions and outcomes are that plastic recycling seems only eco-efficient for large housings of appliances already undergoing disassembly due to the presence of a cathode ray tube (CRT) or liquid crystal display (LCD). For small and medium-sized housings, the extra costs of plastic recycling are high in relation to the environmental improvement realized. In most cases, dedicated shredding and separation of metal dominated products does not lead to substantial environmental or economic improvements. In general, it is shown that the various options to increase the eco-efficiency of end-of-life systems lead to very mixed environmental and economic results. As a consequence, end-of-life policy strategies should be evaluated, and in some cases revised, to support and enhance the most eco-efficient improvement options. Regarding the sensitivity of the results, it is shown that although the different environmental assessment models prioritize individual materials in a different order, the results for the improvement options on a system level are pointing in the same direction, except for plastic recycling scenarios.

Understanding reverse supply chains

“…McElroy and Engelen (2012) sometimes refer to them as intensity metrics in that they describe the intensity of use of something, e.g., the use of electricity in department A versus that of department B. Huisman et al (2004) point out that in many cases the environmental performance of individual products in end-of-life (EOL) processing cannot be determined as such. The reason is that individual products are not normally treated as discrete items, but rather as material streams as a result of shredding and separation or disassembly operations.…”

“…In their comprehensive study concerning the eco-efficiency of consumer electronic products at the end of their lives, Huisman et al (2004) applied a methodology to target minimal EOL treatment costs with maximum environmental recovery. They found the methodology to have capability in monitoring both the environmental and economic performance of individual materials, single products, and product groups in different EOL scenarios, thus assisting in EOL decision making for RSC operations.…”

Critical Analysis of Existing Recyclability Assessment Methods for New Products in Order to Define a Reference Method

“…For ELVs [2] and WEEE [3], these models integrate field data and highlight material losses for these products during the treatment stages. These losses depend on: -Grinding particle size.…”

End-of-Life Treatment Strategies for Flat Screen Televisions: A Case Study

“…Prior research also indicates that recycling polymers can reduce the environmental impact with up to 40% compared to incinerating polymers with energy recovery [6]. Besides polymers, different products in WEEE, such as flat screen TVs, also contain precious metals with a high economic value and a considerable environmental impact when not reclaimed [7]. For this reason, it is imperative to develop EoL treatment strategies which include recycling of polymeric materials and precious metals [8,9].…”