Echovirus‐4 Meningitis Outbreak Imported from India: Table 1

Abstract

We describe seven cases of meningitis in a group of young Italian travelers coming back from India. Virologic studies identified echovirus-4 as the cause of this cluster of cases, the first imported echovirus outbreak in Italy. Enteroviruses may play an important role in undiagnosed fevers in travelers.

Distribution of species enterovirus B in patients with central nervous system infections in São Paulo State, Brazil

“…35 Notably, E-18 was for the first time related with AM outbreak in Brazil, such as E-4, E-9 and E-11. The diversity these EV-types associated with AM outbreaks and sporadic cases, also has been reported in other countries, such as E-18 in Taiwan, 36 China, 37 and Germany 38 ; E-4 in India 39 ; E-9 in Spain, Northern Jordan, Kuwait, and China 33,35 ; E-11 in Greece and UK 35 ; and CV-A9 in South Africa, Ontario, and China. 35 We reported for the first time in Brazil the distribution EV types in cases of encephalitis and meningoencephalitis, mainly E-6, E-18, and E-30.…”

Molecular characterisation of enteroviruses and clinical findings from a cluster of paediatric viral meningitis cases in Tshwane, South Africa 2010–2011

“…The predominance of echoviruses in this study was not an unusual finding as in recent years echoviruses have been implicated in numerous outbreaks of aseptic meningitis worldwide [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], including SA [10], with E-30, and to a lesser extent E-6 and E-9,being the most frequent EV serotypes identified in outbreaks, including Brazil [20], France [22], Greece [26], India [19], Italy [27,28], Kuwait [23] and Panama [25], and E-4 considered to be a "rare" serotype [21]. The occurrence of E-4 however appears to be a localized rather than global phenomenon as E-4 has been identified as the predominant serotype in outbreaks of aseptic meningitis in Australia [24], Argentina [29], India [19], Italy [27], and in a travel-associated outbreak imported from India to Italy [28]. Echovirus type 4 has previously been associated with aseptic meningitis in SA as E-4 was responsible for epidemics of acute aseptic meningitis in closed institutions in Johannesburg and Worcester, respectively [30,31], and in an outbreak of aseptic meningitis in Cape Town in 1981-1982 [32].…”

An automated genotyping tool for enteroviruses and noroviruses

“…The routine practice for enterovirus surveillance as part of the global poliovirus eradication program, [1][2][3][4][5][6] has been the serotyping of cultured viruses using a neutralization assay with serotype spe- cific reference sera. 46 Genotyping based on the VP1 gene, which encodes the capsid protein, is a reliable alternative, and is currently replacing serotyping.…”