Echoic memory of a single pure tone indexed by change-related brain activity

Inui, Koji; Urakawa, Tomokazu; Yamashiro, Koya; Otsuru, Naofumi; Takeshima, Yasuyuki; Nishihara, Makoto; Motomura, Eishi; Kida, Tetsuo; Kakigi, Ryusuke

doi:10.1186/1471-2202-11-135

Cited by 31 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In previous studies, when the duration of the steady state prior to onset of change varied, the change-related response amplitude was steeply increased from 25–500 ms, whereas that increment was modest at longer durations because of the non-linear temporal nature of echoic memory [17, 27]. We considered this to be the main reason to explain why the Prepulse-evoked responses did not differ in amplitude among the conditions used in the present study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

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New paradigm for auditory paired pulse suppression

et al. 2017

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Sensory gating is a mechanism of sensory processing used to prevent an overflow of irrelevant information, with some indexes, such as prepulse inhibition (PPI) and P50 suppression, often utilized for its evaluation. In addition, those are clinically important for diseases such as schizophrenia. In the present study, we investigated long-latency paired-pulse suppression of change-related cortical responses using magnetoencephalography. The test change-related response was evoked by an abrupt increase in sound pressure by 15 dB in a continuous sound composed of a train of 25-ms pure tones at 65 dB. By inserting a leading change stimulus (prepulse), we observed suppression of the test response. In Experiment 1, we examined the effects of conditioning-test intervals (CTI) using a 25-ms pure tone at 80 dB as both the test and prepulse. Our results showed clear suppression of the test response peaking at a CTI of 600 ms, while maximum inhibition was approximately 30%. In Experiment 2, the effects of sound pressure on prepulse were examined by inserting prepulses 600 ms prior to the test stimulus. We found that a paired-pulse suppression greater than 25% was obtained by prepulses larger than 77 dB, i.e., 12 dB louder than the background, suggesting that long latency suppression requires a relatively strong prepulse to obtain adequate suppression, different than short-latency paired-pulse suppression reported in previous studies. In Experiment 3, we confirmed similar levels of suppression using electroencephalography. These results suggested that two identical change stimuli spaced by 600 ms were appropriate for observing the long-latency inhibition. The present method requires only a short inspection time and is non-invasive.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

“…Change-related cortical responses are elicited by an abrupt change in sound feature, regardless of whether the sound is composed of clicks or pure tones [17]. One merit of clicks is that they are superior to pure tones for eliciting a P50 component [19, 30].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New paradigm for auditory paired pulse suppression

et al. 2017

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“…[23]), the change-related response tended to be larger in amplitude in the right hemisphere (t(11) = 3.87, p = 0.003) for Experiment 1, t(11) = 2.13, p = 0.006 for Experiment 2) implying right hemisphere dominance for change detection. However, neither the main effect of the hemisphere nor the interaction with the experimental conditions was significant (ANOVA) for PPI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prepulse inhibition of auditory change-related cortical responses

et al. 2012

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BackgroundPrepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response is an important tool to investigate the biology of schizophrenia. PPI is usually observed by use of a startle reflex such as blinking following an intense sound. A similar phenomenon has not been reported for cortical responses.ResultsIn 12 healthy subjects, change-related cortical activity in response to an abrupt increase of sound pressure by 5 dB above the background of 65 dB SPL (test stimulus) was measured using magnetoencephalography. The test stimulus evoked a clear cortical response peaking at around 130 ms (Change-N1m). In Experiment 1, effects of the intensity of a prepulse (0.5 ~ 5 dB) on the test response were examined using a paired stimulation paradigm. In Experiment 2, effects of the interval between the prepulse and test stimulus were examined using interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 50 ~ 350 ms. When the test stimulus was preceded by the prepulse, the Change-N1m was more strongly inhibited by a stronger prepulse (Experiment 1) and a shorter ISI prepulse (Experiment 2). In addition, the amplitude of the test Change-N1m correlated positively with both the amplitude of the prepulse-evoked response and the degree of inhibition, suggesting that subjects who are more sensitive to the auditory change are more strongly inhibited by the prepulse.ConclusionsSince Change-N1m is easy to measure and control, it would be a valuable tool to investigate mechanisms of sensory gating or the biology of certain mental diseases such as schizophrenia.

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“…B 373: 20170349 [18,38 -41]. Sensory buffers are also found in other sensory modalities, for example sensory memory for auditory stimuli is estimated to last between 1 and 10 s [42,43]. In principle, retro-perception could occur on any type of content that can be buffered within sensory cortices.…”

Section: Retro-perception: Perceiving the Pastmentioning

confidence: 99%

The offline stream of conscious representations

Sergent

2018

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

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When do we become conscious of a stimulus after its presentation? We would all agree that this necessarily takes time and that it is not instantaneous. Here, I would like to propose not only that conscious access is relative to the external stimulation, but also that it can flexibly from external stimulation; it can process some information 'offline', if and when it becomes relevant. Thus, in contrast with initial sensory processing, conscious experience might not strictly follow the sequence of events in the environment. In this article, I will review gathering evidence in favour of this proposition. I will argue that it offers a coherent framework for explaining a great variety of observations in the domain of perception, sensory memory and working memory: the psychological refractory period, the attentional blink, post-dictive phenomena, iconic memory, latent working memory and the newly described retro-perception phenomenon. I will integrate this proposition to the global neuronal workspace model and consider possible underlying brain mechanisms. Finally, I will argue that this capacity to process information 'offline' might have made conscious processing evolutionarily advantageous in spite of its sluggishness and capacity limitations.This article is part of the theme issue 'Perceptual consciousness and cognitive access'.

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Echoic memory of a single pure tone indexed by change-related brain activity

Cited by 31 publications

References 40 publications

New paradigm for auditory paired pulse suppression

New paradigm for auditory paired pulse suppression

Prepulse inhibition of auditory change-related cortical responses

The offline stream of conscious representations

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