Echinoderm Responses to Variation in Salinity

Russell, Michael

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-408096-6.00003-1

Cited by 49 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…As our sample site in Nova Scotia is close to the southern range limit of coastal populations of S. droebachiensis, decadal and seasonal variation in salinity (Breeze et al 2002;Russell 2013;Bundy et al 2014) may intensify the ecological gradient along which the shallow and deep lineages are adapted. Russell (2013) reported that over an eight year period the coastal salinity in New Hampshire frequently drop below 26‰ in March and April, with the lowest recorded salinity being 15‰. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that S. droebachiensis is one of the most tolerant echinoderms to hyposalinity (Russell 2013).…”

Section: Addison and Kimmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Russell (2013) reported that over an eight year period the coastal salinity in New Hampshire frequently drop below 26‰ in March and April, with the lowest recorded salinity being 15‰. Laboratory studies have demonstrated that S. droebachiensis is one of the most tolerant echinoderms to hyposalinity (Russell 2013). Roller and Stickle (1985) showed that in the Pacific, larvae of S. pallidus failed to develop, and cultures experienced 100% mortality at salinities below 27.5‰.…”

Section: Addison and Kimmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cryptic species diversity and reproductive isolation among sympatric lineages ofStrongylocentrotussea urchins in the northwest Atlantic

Addison

Kim

2018

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Distinguishing between intra-and inter-specific variation in genetic studies is critical to understanding evolution because the mechanisms driving change among populations are expected to be different than those that shape reproductive isolation among lineages. Genetic studies of north Atlantic green sea urchins Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis (Müller, 1776) have detected significant population substructure and asymmetric gene flow from Europe to Atlantic Canada and interspecific hybridization between S. droebachiensis and Strongylocentrotus pallidus (Sars, 1871). However, combined with patterns of divergence at mtDNA sequences, morphological divergence at gamete traits suggests that the European and North American lineages of S. droebachiensis may be cryptic species. Here, we use a combination of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to test for cryptic species within Strongylocentrotus sea urchins and hybrids between S. droebachiensis and S. pallidus populations. We detect striking patterns of habitat and reproductive isolation between two S. droebachiensis lineages, with offshore deep-water collections consisting of S. pallidus in addition to a cryptic lineage sharing genetic similarity with previously published sequences from eastern Atlantic S. droebachiensis. We detected only limited hybridization among all three lineages of sea urchins, suggesting that shared genetic differences previously reported may be a result of historical introgression or incomplete lineage sorting.

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Section: Addison and Kimmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Addison and Kimmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryptic species diversity and reproductive isolation among sympatric lineages ofStrongylocentrotussea urchins in the northwest Atlantic

Addison

Kim

2018

FACETS

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“…solaris from Guam, where fertilization drops below 50% between 24 and 22 ppt [44]. By comparison, it appears that echinoid fertilization is more sensitive to decreased salinity, with significant deleterious effects at salinities below 28-29 ppt for sea urchins [45][46][47] and at 25 ppt for a sand dollar [28]. For Lytechinus variegatus, fertilization was reduced to~10% at 25 ppt [42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…In general, decreased salinity is well known to delay or retard development in echinoderms [26,28,29,45,47,[49][50][51][52]. For COTS, hatching was significantly delayed in embryos reared from fertilization at 27 ppt.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on previous studies demonstrating the negative effects of low salinity on echinoderm development [26,28,29], we predicted that decreased salinity would lower fertilization success and reduce the percentage of embryos exhibiting normal development. We also predicted that decreased salinity would cause a delay in hatching, as shown in other echinoderms [30,31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Effects of Salinity and pH on Fertilization, Early Development, and Hatching in the Crown-of-Thorns Seastar

et al. 2017

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Understanding the influence of environmental factors on the development and dispersal of crown-of-thorns seastars is critical to predicting when and where outbreaks of these coral-eating seastars will occur. Outbreaks of crown-of-thorns seastars are hypothesized to be driven by terrestrial runoff events that increase nutrients and the phytoplankton food for the larvae. In addition to increasing larval food supply, terrestrial runoff may also reduce salinity in the waters where seastars develop. We investigated the effects of reduced salinity on the fertilization and early development of seastars. We also tested the interactive effects of reduced salinity and reduced pH on the hatching of crown-of-thorns seastars. Overall, we found that reduced salinity has strong negative effects on fertilization and early development, as shown in other echinoderm species. We also found that reduced salinity delays hatching, but that reduced pH, in isolation or in combination with lower salinity, had no detectable effects on this developmental milestone. Models that assess the positive effects of terrestrial runoff on the development of crown-of-thorns seastars should also consider the strong negative effects of lower salinity on early development including lower levels of fertilization, increased frequency of abnormal development, and delayed time to hatching.

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Early time course of variation in coelomic fluid ionic concentrations in sea urchins abruptly exposed to hypo‐ and hyper‐osmotic salinity challenges: Role of size and cross‐section area of test holes

et al. 2017

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Echinoderms are restricted to the marine environment and are osmoconformer invertebrates. However, some species live in unstable environments. Especially those species, and those of larger body size, tend to show variable, albeit transient, ionic gradients between their coelomic fluid and external seawater. In order to further examine how sea urchin size relates to apparent ionic permeability of their body wall/epithelia, specimens of Echinometra lucunter, Lytechinus variegatus, Paracentrotus gaimardi, and Arbacia lixula-A. lixula of two distinct populations, Rio de Janeiro and Santa Catarina-were abruptly transferred from 35 psu to either 25 or 45 psu. Sodium, chloride, magnesium, and potassium concentrations were assayed in their coelomic fluids after 0, 1, 2, and 3 hr of exposure. Relative area of putative permeable (i.e., cross section areas of soft tissues, or test holes) surfaces (PPS) was estimated in empty tests as the sum of the peristomial area (oral hole in the empty test) and the total cross-section area of ambulacral holes, divided by the total volume (TV) of the test. L. variegatus and E. lucunter, the largest species, had PPS/TV values similar to that of the much smaller P. gaimardi. A. lixula was the "most putatively-permeable and conformer" among them all, especially urchins from the Santa Catarina population. Internal ionic levels equilibrated faster with external water in 45 than in 25, and differences among ions were observed. Body size is relevant, among many other factors, to aid conformers such as sea urchins to dwell in intertidal unstable habitats.

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Echinoderm Responses to Variation in Salinity

Cited by 49 publications

References 115 publications

Cryptic species diversity and reproductive isolation among sympatric lineages ofStrongylocentrotussea urchins in the northwest Atlantic

Cryptic species diversity and reproductive isolation among sympatric lineages ofStrongylocentrotussea urchins in the northwest Atlantic

The Effects of Salinity and pH on Fertilization, Early Development, and Hatching in the Crown-of-Thorns Seastar

Early time course of variation in coelomic fluid ionic concentrations in sea urchins abruptly exposed to hypo‐ and hyper‐osmotic salinity challenges: Role of size and cross‐section area of test holes

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