EAU Guidelines on Penile Cancer: 2014 Update

Hakenberg, Oliver W.; Compérat, Éva; Minhas, Suks; Necchi, Andrea; Protzel, Chris; Watkin, Nick

doi:10.1016/j.eururo.2014.10.017

Cited by 585 publications

(698 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…However, in less developed areas, such as Africa, Southeast Asia and South America, PeSCC is much more common and may account for up to 1-2% of male malignances. 1 Poor hygiene, phimosis, smoking, lack of circumcision and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection are risk factors for PeSCC. 2 The 5-y overall survival in patients with or without lymph node (LN) involvement is 51.1% and 95.7%, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tumor PD-L1 expression is correlated with increased TILs and poor prognosis in penile squamous cell carcinoma

Deng

Guo

et al. 2017

OncoImmunology

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Despite its rare incidence worldwide, penile squamous cell carcinoma (PeSCC) still presents with significant morbidity and mortality due to the limited treatment options for advanced patients, especially those in developing countries. The program death-1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) axis has been demonstrated to play an important role in tumor immune escape, and immunotherapies targeting this pathway have shown great success in certain cancer types. Here, we analyzed the expression pattern of PD-L1 in tumor cells and tumorinfiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in PeSCC with a multi-center cohort. We found that the majority of PeSCCs (53.4%) were PD-L1-positive and that high PD-L1 expression in tumor cells was associated with a poor prognosis. Notably, PD-L1 expression in tumor cells was significantly associated with the extent of TILs and CD8 C TILs. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that PD-L1 was positively correlated with interferon-gamma (IFNg) and CD8 C gene expression. Moreover, we defined the constitutive and inducible surface expression of PD-L1 in newly established primary PeSCC cell lines. Interestingly, two PeSCC cell lines had high intrinsic PD-L1 expression. Another cell line showed low PD-L1 expression, but the PD-L1 expression could be induced by IFNg stimulation. Overall, our data showed that high PD-L1 expression in penile tumor cells indicated a poor prognosis. The upregulation of PD-L1 in PeSCC included both extrinsic and intrinsic mechanisms. These findings indicated that the PD-1/PD-L1 axis might be a potential therapeutic target for patients with penile squamous cell carcinoma.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tumor PD-L1 expression is correlated with increased TILs and poor prognosis in penile squamous cell carcinoma

Deng

Guo

et al. 2017

OncoImmunology

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“…Though the numbers are quite varying percentage wise all of them are around 50%. 12 With perineural invasion alone showing a greater chance for nodal metastasis. In his study, he concluded that perineural invasion is an independent prognostic marker for the nodal disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical study of nodal involvement in carcinoma penis: role of perineural and perivascular invasion in lymph node metastasis

Kumar¹,

Venkateswaran²

2018

Int Surg J

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Background: Penile malignancies constitute a major health problem in the developing countries especially the Afro Asian countries. It constitutes about 10% of all malignancy. The incidence of the penile malignancy is in decreasing trend in many parts of the world due to improved awareness about the personal hygiene. In this study special effort was made to analyze the histopathological correlation in predicting the lymph node involvement particularly the perivascular and perineural invasion of a tumor on his to pathology and its influence on the lymph node metastasis.Methods: After getting prior ethical committee clearance 42 cases of histopathologically proven cases are included in the study. Those patients included are explained about the nature of the study, investigations that are done. They have also discussed the various treatment options available in Thanjavur medical college. Proper consent in patients own language is obtained before including in the study.Results: The most common histological type found in present study was squalors type. More than 90% (93%) shows squamous variety. Verrucous carcinoma was found in two patients. One patient present with the mixed presentation.Conclusions: Tumour with high grade, high stage, and perineural and per vascular invasion is associated with more nodal metastasis. It is highly recommended to carry out nodal dissection in such types of a tumor. Screening for the early stage of the disease and addressing for the inguinal nodes for the high-risk group will significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality of carcinoma penis.

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“…However, there are currently no guidelines for the management of PSCC in Japan. Hence, many Japanese urologists treat PSCC patients based on the guidelines from NCCN or European Association of Urology [2,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of PSCCs are diagnosed when they are still localized. Although localized PSCC has a good prognosis after radical resection, cases of unrespectable, recurrent, and metastatic disease, with a poor prognosis, can also be seen [2][3][4][5]. The penile cancer guidelines of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) recommend neoadjuvant chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or chemoradiotherapy followed by consolidation surgery for the management of advanced and recurrent disease, provided that the disease is stable or a clinical response is demonstrated [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cisplatin, Methotrexate and Bleomycin for Advanced Recurrent or Metastatic Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Yumura¹,

Kasuga²,

Kawahara³

et al. 2017

Andrology

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Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of cisplatin, methotrexate, and bleomycin (CMB) chemotherapy in patients with advanced, recurrent, or metastatic penile squamous cell carcinoma (PSCC). Methods:The CMB regimen was administered to 12 patients with advanced (n=7), recurrent (n=4), or metastatic Results:Of the 7 patients with advanced disease who received the CMB regimen as neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant treatment, 5 survived, 1 died of local recurrence and lung metastasis, and 1 died of interstitial pneumonia. Three of the 5 patients with recurrent or metastatic disease died of PSCC. One patient died of interstitial pneumonia due to CMB. Only 1 patient with inguinal lymph node metastasis after penectomy who underwent adjuvant CMB regimen had survived. Eight patients who were disease free survived longer than those who still had the disease. No adverse hematological effects of Grade 3 or higher were observed. Conclusion:The CMB regimen might be effective for advanced PSCC, but not for recurrent or metastatic PSCC. Two patients died of interstitial pneumonitis due to chemotherapy. Hence, we believe that the CMB regimen should not be used as a first-line treatment option in patients with advanced-stage or metastatic PSCC.

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EAU Guidelines on Penile Cancer: 2014 Update

Cited by 585 publications

References 79 publications

Tumor PD-L1 expression is correlated with increased TILs and poor prognosis in penile squamous cell carcinoma

Tumor PD-L1 expression is correlated with increased TILs and poor prognosis in penile squamous cell carcinoma

Clinical study of nodal involvement in carcinoma penis: role of perineural and perivascular invasion in lymph node metastasis

Cisplatin, Methotrexate and Bleomycin for Advanced Recurrent or Metastatic Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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