Earthquakes in Switzerland and surrounding regions during 2013

Diehl, Tobias; Clinton, John; Husen, Stephan; Plenkers, Katrin; Guilhelm, Aurélie; Behr, Yannik; Cauzzi, Carlo; Kästli, Philipp; Haslinger, Florian; Fäh, Donat; Michel, Clotaire; Wiemer, Stefan

doi:10.1007/s00015-014-0171-y

Cited by 34 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…2. The chosen earthquakes are characterized by comparable magnitude and remarkably different depths, namely the M L 4.2 2012 Zug event (central Switzerland, foreland region, depth ∼32 km; Diehl et al 2013) and the M L 4.1 2013 Balzers earthquake (eastern Switzerland, alpine region, depth ∼7 km; Diehl et al 2014). Both the Zug and the Balzers event were clearly recorded by the seismic stations continuously streaming data in real-time to the SED.…”

Section: P R E D I C T I V E E Q Uat I O N S F O R P G a P G V A N mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One new feature is the implementation of region-specific predictive equations, critical in the Swiss context, where the attenuation of shear wave energy is regionally dependent ) and the earthquakes located in the alpine region typically occur at shallower depths than those located in the Swiss foreland Diehl et al 2013Diehl et al , 2014.…”

Section: Introduction a N D M O T I Vat I O Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

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New predictive equations and site amplification estimates for the next-generation Swiss ShakeMaps

Cauzzi¹,

Edwards²,

Fäh³

et al. 2014

Geophysical Journal International

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Section: P R E D I C T I V E E Q Uat I O N S F O R P G a P G V A N mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introduction a N D M O T I Vat I O Nmentioning

confidence: 99%

New predictive equations and site amplification estimates for the next-generation Swiss ShakeMaps

Cauzzi¹,

Edwards²,

Fäh³

et al. 2014

Geophysical Journal International

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“…The filled circles show hypocenters with a focal depth uncertainty of less than or equal to 3 km, indicating seismic activity both in the sedimentary cover as well as in the basement. Details on the estimation of hypocenter location uncertainty are given in the annual reports of the Swiss Seismological Service [e.g., Deichmann et al ., ; Diehl et al ., ]. Focal mechanisms of the study area (Table S3 in the supporting information) reveal a present‐day strike‐slip‐dominated stress regime with possible subvertical fault planes striking N‐S, NNE‐SSW and W‐E, and WNW‐ESE, respectively (Figure ) [from Kastrup et al ., ; Deichmann , ; Diehl et al ., , ].…”

Section: Present‐day Earthquake Distribution and Focal Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Details on the estimation of hypocenter location uncertainty are given in the annual reports of the Swiss Seismological Service [e.g., Deichmann et al ., ; Diehl et al ., ]. Focal mechanisms of the study area (Table S3 in the supporting information) reveal a present‐day strike‐slip‐dominated stress regime with possible subvertical fault planes striking N‐S, NNE‐SSW and W‐E, and WNW‐ESE, respectively (Figure ) [from Kastrup et al ., ; Deichmann , ; Diehl et al ., , ]. The inferred regional maximum compressive stress is striking NNW‐SSE, which is in agreement with published present‐day maximum horizontal stress orientations for the Molasse Basin [ Reinecker et al ., ; Heidbach and Reinecker , ].…”

Section: Present‐day Earthquake Distribution and Focal Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Earthquake events with a focal depth uncertainty of more than 3 km are given as white filled circles. Focal depth uncertainties have been assessed following the procedure given in the annual reports of the Swiss Seismological Service [e.g., Deichmann et al ., ; Diehl et al ., ]. Active fault planes are marked in bold.…”

Section: Present‐day Earthquake Distribution and Focal Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tectonics of the central Swiss Molasse Basin: Post‐Miocene transition to incipient thick‐skinned tectonics?

Mock

Herwegh

2017

Tectonics

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In this paper we investigate the tectonics of the central Swiss Molasse Basin (SMB), situated between the central European Alps and the Jura fold‐and‐thrust belt. Based on (re)interpreted 2‐D reflection seismic data and geological 3‐D modeling, we present new insights into the structural configuration and evolution of the central SMB. During the thin‐skinned, main deformation phase of the Jura fold‐and‐thrust belt (~12–4 Ma), the central SMB was riding passively above a major detachment horizon within Triassic evaporites, which roots beneath the External Crystalline Massifs of the Central Alps. In the SMB, low‐amplitude detachment folds and detachment‐rooted WSW‐ENE striking thrust and reverse faults are related to this event. Younger, major NNE‐SSW and NNW‐SSE trending strike‐slip fault zones cross the basin over a length of several kilometers, affecting the Cenozoic and Mesozoic cover units and extending into the pre‐Mesozoic crystalline basement. In cases, the fault zones apparently reactivate inherited, Permo‐Carboniferous trough (PCT) bounding, Paleozoic normal faults. Seismic data further reveal mild inversion of WSW‐ENE striking PCTs. These structures clearly cut the basement‐cover contact, thus postdating the main deformation phase of the Jura fold‐and‐thrust belt. Present‐day earthquake focal mechanisms and epicenter distribution show strike‐slip faulting and basement‐seated seismicity, respectively, thus corroborating our observations from seismic interpretation. Our data suggest a change from late Miocene thin‐skinned to Pliocene to present‐day incipient thick‐skinned tectonics. This major change reflects the establishment of a midcrustal detachment and may be related to changes in slab dynamics of the subducting European lithosphere.

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The induced earthquake sequence related to the St. Gallen deep geothermal project (Switzerland): Fault reactivation and fluid interactions imaged by microseismicity

et al. 2017

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In July 2013, a sequence of more than 340 earthquakes was induced by reservoir stimulations and well‐control procedures following a gas kick at a deep geothermal drilling project close to the city of St. Gallen, Switzerland. The sequence culminated in an ML 3.5 earthquake, which was felt within 10–15 km from the epicenter. High‐quality earthquake locations and 3‐D reflection seismic data acquired in the St. Gallen project provide a unique data set, which allows high‐resolution studies of earthquake triggering related to the injection of fluids into macroscopic fault zones. In this study, we present a high‐precision earthquake catalog of the induced sequence. Absolute locations are constrained by a coupled hypocenter‐velocity inversion, and subsequent double‐difference relocations image the geometry of the ML 3.5 rupture and resolve the spatiotemporal evolution of seismicity. A joint interpretation of earthquake and seismic data shows that the majority of the seismicity occurred in the pre‐Mesozoic basement, hundreds of meters below the borehole and the targeted Mesozoic sequence. We propose a hydraulic connectivity between the reactivated fault and the borehole, likely through faults mapped by seismic data. Despite the excellent quality of the seismic data, the association of seismicity with mapped faults remains ambiguous. In summary, our results document that the actual hydraulic properties of a fault system and hydraulic connections between its fault segments are complex and may not be predictable upfront. Incomplete knowledge of fault structures and stress heterogeneities within highly complex fault systems additionally challenge the degree of predictability of induced seismicity related to underground fluid injections.

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Earthquakes in Switzerland and surrounding regions during 2013

Cited by 34 publications

References 32 publications

New predictive equations and site amplification estimates for the next-generation Swiss ShakeMaps

New predictive equations and site amplification estimates for the next-generation Swiss ShakeMaps

Tectonics of the central Swiss Molasse Basin: Post‐Miocene transition to incipient thick‐skinned tectonics?

The induced earthquake sequence related to the St. Gallen deep geothermal project (Switzerland): Fault reactivation and fluid interactions imaged by microseismicity

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