Earth-Return Mutual Coupling Effects in Ground Resistance Measurements of Extended Grids

Evaluation of Electromagnetic Interferences Affecting Metallic Pipelines

“…This form corresponds to any two-conductor transmission line. Sunde derived equivalent expressions for a single conductor in contact to the soil, with a current returning through the earth [29,30]. Both the complex longitudinal impedance per unit length, Z 0 , and the complex transversal admittance per unit lengthY 0 ,ofa horizontal conductor consist of an internal term and an earth return term in the following manner:…”

Different approaches in calculating AC inductive interference from power lines on pipelines

“…• The Foster's model [19,20] that considers both the inducing and induced conductors as lying at the air-soil interface. • The long horizontal antenna model [21] that allows taking into account the actual height/depth of inducing and induced conductors.…”

“…Note that a further integration of Z m ′ or Z m ′′ along the progressive of the induced wire segment yields the so-called Neumann integral for the evaluation of the mutual inductance between two loops. In this particular case, the Neumann integral is specialised to the case of loops with Earth return (see [8,19,20]), i.e. when the loop is composed partly by the wire segment and partly by the earth.…”

A study of transient responses on nonuniform conductors by FDTD simulations

“… The above relation is applied to vertical conductors, inclined (to earth) conductors, and nonparallel conductors . In this paper, nonuniform conductors are defined as those whose impedance and admittance are a function of the position along the conductor . To derive accurate formulas for the impedances and admittances of nonuniform conductors, it is quite common to apply an image theory based on transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode wave propagation .…”

“…In this paper, nonuniform conductors are defined as those whose impedance and admittance are a function of the position along the conductor . To derive accurate formulas for the impedances and admittances of nonuniform conductors, it is quite common to apply an image theory based on transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode wave propagation . However, it is still not clear whether the image theory approach is valid to analyze steady‐state and transient phenomena on the nonuniform conductors.…”