Earth conductivity estimates from through-the-Earth electromagnetic transmission tests

Durkin, John

doi:10.1109/36.73672

Cited by 19 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Nowadays, there is a growing interest in using magnetic induction systems for geophysics (see Abdu et al, 2007;Becker et al, 1992;Corwin & Lesch, 2003;Durkin, 1991;Heil & Schmidhalter, 2017), location (see eg. Ayuso et al, 2010;Davis et al, 2008;Markham et al, 2012;Sogade et al, 2004), emergency communications in confined environments such as mines or caves (see Bandyiopadhyay et al, 2010;Yan et al, 2013a), and wireless underground and undersea communication networks (see, e.g., Akyildiz et al, 2015;Akyildiz & Stuntebeck, 2006a;Domingo, 2014;Sun & Akyildiz, 2010;Tan et al, 2015;Wang et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Computational Channel Model for Magnetic Induction‐Based Subsurface Applications

et al. 2019

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There are many underground applications based on magnetic fields generated by an oscillating magnetic source. For them, a magnetic dipole in a three‐layered region with upper semi‐infinite air layer can be a convenient idealization used for their planning, development, and operation. Solutions are in the form of the well‐known Sommerfeld integral expressions that can be evaluated by numerical methods. A set of field expressions to be numerically evaluated by an efficient algorithm are not collected comprehensively yet, or at least in a directly usable form. In this paper, the explicit magnetic field solutions for the vertical magnetic dipole and the horizontal magnetic dipole for a general source‐observer location are derived from the Hertz vector. They can be properly combined to model the problem of a tilted magnetic dipole source for horizontally or inclined stratified media. As a result, a complete set of integral equations of the Sommerfeld type valid from the near zone to the far zone are formulated. A method for numerical evaluation of the field expressions for high accurate computations is described. The numerical results are validated using the finite element method for all the possible source‐receiver configurations and three well‐spanned frequencies of typical subsurface applications. Both numerical solutions agree according to the normalized root‐mean‐square error‐based fit metric. Numerical results for two cases of study are presented to see its usefulness for subsurface applications. A MATLAB implementation of the mathematical description outlined in this paper and the proposed evaluation method is freely available for download.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Computational Channel Model for Magnetic Induction‐Based Subsurface Applications

et al. 2019

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“…Between 1970 and 1980, the American Bureau of Mines measured the intensity of magnetic fields for Throughthe-Earth communication for frequencies between 630 and 3030 Hz in 94 coal mines all over the United States [3]. Using part of this data (27 mines), Durkin [4] estimated the apparent conductivity based on the homogeneous half-space model [5]. The results led to apparent conductivity decreasing with increasing frequency and depth.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, due to the complexity of such a model, it was applied in [10] for five layers only. All these models are site-dependent, but [4,9] also present some statistics on apparent conductivity; the authors, however, could not analyze the channel's variability at any optimal frequency due to the small number of frequencies considered in [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stochastic Generation of Subsurface Profiles for Realistic Simulation of Through-the-Earth Communication Systems

Carreño

Braga

2019

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation

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Channel modeling for Through-the-Earth (TTE) communication has mainly been based on deterministic and empirical formulations. Deterministic models are limited to homogeneous rock structures while empirical models are only valid for the same configuration as the measurements that were taken. Given the difficulties in implementing underground measurements taking years to achieve enough database for a variety of mines and depths, we propose, as a more versatile solution, realistic simulations of a variety of underground structures to statistically characterize magnetic field attenuation. An algorithm based on the Monte Carlo method is presented and uses the Finite Element Method (FEM) to compute field propagation through each random structure. An empirical model is produced through simulations, and some metrics are evaluated, such as the median of magnetic field intensity, and the propagation loss, specially at the optimum operation frequency, in which channel variability is less spread when compared to all possible frequencies. This model can be used to estimate link budget for TTE communication in coal mines.

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“…The main problem in the development of such systems is that, as measurements show, the conductivity of rocks in various coal mines can range 5 orders of magnitude, from 10 −5 (dry mines) to 1 S m −1 (mines in rock saturated by salt solution) (McNeill, 1980;Durkin, 1984;Ishankuliev, 2007). Although the systems mentioned operate more or less reliably in dry mines, in wet mines with high conductivity of the medium (0.01-1 S m −1 ) no substantial progress related to the localization of personnel at a distance of at least 20-30 m through rock has been reached until now, as our short survey shows.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic system for detection and localization of miners caught in mine accidents

Pronenko¹,

Dudkin²

2016

Geosci. Instrum. Method. Data Syst.

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Abstract. The profession of a miner is one of the most dangerous in the world. Among the main causes of fatalities in underground coal mines are the delayed alert of the accident and the lack of information regarding the actual location of the miners after the accident. In an emergency situation (failure or destruction of underground infrastructure), personnel search behind and beneath blockage needs to be performed urgently. However, none of the standard technologies -radiofrequency identification (RFID), Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT), Wi-Fi, emitting cables, which use the stationary technical devices in mines -provide information about the miners location with the necessary precision. The only technology that is able to provide guaranteed delivery of messages to mine personnel, regardless of their location and under any destruction in the mine, is lowfrequency radio technology, which is able to operate through the thickness of rocks even if they are wet. The proposed new system for miner localization is based on solving the inverse problem of determining the magnetic field source coordinates using the data of magnetic field measurements. This approach is based on the measurement of the magnetic field radiated by the miner's responder beacon using two fixed and spaced three-component magnetic field receivers and the inverse problem solution. As a result, a working model of the system for miner's beacon search and localization (MILES -MIner's Location Emergency System) was developed and successfully tested. This paper presents the most important aspects of this development and the results of experimental tests.

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Earth conductivity estimates from through-the-Earth electromagnetic transmission tests

Cited by 19 publications

References 3 publications

A Computational Channel Model for Magnetic Induction‐Based Subsurface Applications

A Computational Channel Model for Magnetic Induction‐Based Subsurface Applications

Stochastic Generation of Subsurface Profiles for Realistic Simulation of Through-the-Earth Communication Systems

Electromagnetic system for detection and localization of miners caught in mine accidents

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