Earth-Affecting Solar Causes Observatory (EASCO): A potential International Living with a Star Mission from Sun–Earth L5

Gopalswamy, Ν.; Davila, J. M.; Cyr, O. C. St.; Sittler, E. C.; Auchère, F.; Duvall, T. L.; Hoeksema, J. T.; Maksimović, M.; MacDowall, R.; Szabó, Á.; Collier, M. R.

doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2011.01.013

Cited by 55 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…However, a coronagraph located at Sun-Earth L5 or L4 can observe the preceding CMEs and also measure the earthward speed of CMEs [Gopalswamy et al, 2011a[Gopalswamy et al, , 2011b. The quadrature observations presented here point to the importance of coronagraphic observations of Earth-directed CMEs away from the Sun-Earth line.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Testing the empirical shock arrival model using quadrature observations

et al. 2013

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[1] The empirical shock arrival (ESA) model was developed based on quadrature data from Helios (in situ) and P-78 (remote sensing) to predict the Sun-Earth travel time of coronal mass ejections (CMEs). The ESA model requires earthward CME speed as input, which is not directly measurable from coronagraphs along the Sun-Earth line. The Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) and the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) were in quadrature during 2010-2012, so the speeds of Earth-directed CMEs were observed with minimal projection effects. We identified a set of 20 full halo CMEs in the field of view of SOHO that were also observed in quadrature by STEREO. We used the earthward speed from STEREO measurements as input to the ESA model and compared the resulting travel times with the observed ones from L1 monitors. We find that the model predicts the CME travel time within about 7.3 h, which is similar to the predictions by the ENLIL model. We also find that CME-CME and CME-coronal hole interaction can lead to large deviations from model predictions.Citation: Gopalswamy, N., P. Mäkelä, H. Xie, and S. Yashiro (2013), Testing the empirical shock arrival model using quadrature observations, Space Weather, 11, 661-669,

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

Testing the empirical shock arrival model using quadrature observations

et al. 2013

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“…Such forecast would also make it possible to evaluate either the average or longitudinally dependent SEP transport parameters at a wide range of longitudes, from L5 to Earth and beyond. The recently proposed space weather missions to L5 (Akioka et al, 2005;Gopalswamy et al, 2011;Lavraud et al, 2016;Trichas et al, 2015) thus could bring considerable improvement to our ability to model SEP events and improve our knowledge of the radiation environment in near-Earth space.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of turbulence strength on meandering field lines and Solar Energetic Particle event extents

Laitinen

Effenberger

Kopp

et al. 2018

J. Space Weather Space Clim.

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-Insights into the processes of Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) propagation are essential for understanding how solar eruptions affect the radiation environment of near-Earth space. SEP propagation is influenced by turbulent magnetic fields in the solar wind, resulting in stochastic transport of the particles from their acceleration site to Earth. While the conventional approach for SEP modelling focuses mainly on the transport of particles along the mean Parker spiral magnetic field, multi-spacecraft observations suggest that the cross-field propagation shapes the SEP fluxes at Earth strongly. However, adding cross-field transport of SEPs as spatial diffusion has been shown to be insufficient in modelling the SEP events without use of unrealistically large cross-field diffusion coefficients. Recently, Laitinen et al. [ApJL 773 (2013b); A&A 591 (2016)] demonstrated that the early-time propagation of energetic particles across the mean field direction in turbulent fields is not diffusive, with the particles propagating along meandering field lines. This early-time transport mode results in fast access of the particles across the mean field direction, in agreement with the SEP observations. In this work, we study the propagation of SEPs within the new transport paradigm, and demonstrate the significance of turbulence strength on the evolution of the SEP radiation environment near Earth. We calculate the transport parameters consistently using a turbulence transport model, parametrised by the SEP parallel scattering mean free path at 1 AU, l Ã k , and show that the parallel and cross-field transport are connected, with conditions resulting in slow parallel transport corresponding to wider events. We find a scaling s ';max ∝ð1=l Ã k Þ 1=4 for the Gaussian fitting of the longitudinal distribution of maximum intensities. The longitudes with highest intensities are shifted towards the west for strong scattering conditions. Our results emphasise the importance of understanding both the SEP transport and the interplanetary turbulence conditions for modelling and predicting the SEP radiation environment at Earth.

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“…The answers lie in better understanding of: (1) the CME interaction with the ambient solar wind, including CME shocks, (2) the relationship of structures in images with structures measured in-situ, and (3) the connection between low coronal manifestations of erupting activity and the eventual CME. As STEREO has demonstrated, ''off-Sun-Earth-line'' imaging is key with the L 4 /L 5 Lagrangian points, the optimal location for such studies (Webb et al 2010;Gopalswamy et al 2011;Vourlidas 2015). Magnetograph observations from L 5 will be especially beneficial to modeling and space weather forecasting.…”

Section: Forecasting Interplanetary B Z At 1 Aumentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific challenges in thermosphere-ionosphere forecasting – conclusions from the October 2014 NASA JPL community workshop

Mannucci

Hagan

Vourlidas

et al. 2016

J. Space Weather Space Clim.

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Interest in forecasting space weather in the thermosphere and ionosphere (T-I) led to a community workshop held at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in October, 2014. The workshop focus was ''Scientific Challenges in Thermosphere-Ionosphere Forecasting'' to emphasize that forecasting presumes a sufficiently advanced state of scientific knowledge, yet one that is still evolving. The purpose of the workshop, and this topical issue that arose from the workshop, was to discuss research frontiers that will lead to improved space weather forecasts. Three areas are discussed in some detail in this paper: (1) the role of lower atmosphere forcing in the response of the T-I to geomagnetic disturbances; (2) the significant deposition of energy at polar latitudes during geomagnetic disturbances; and (3) recent developments in understanding the propagation of coronal mass ejections through the heliosphere and prospects for forecasting the north-south component of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) using observations at the Lagrangian L 5 point. We describe other research presented at the workshop that appears in the topical issue. The possibility of establishing a ''positive feedback loop'' where improved scientific knowledge leads to improved forecasts is described (Siscoe 2006, Space Weather, 4, S01003; Mannucci 2012, Space Weather, 10, S07003).

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Earth-Affecting Solar Causes Observatory (EASCO): A potential International Living with a Star Mission from Sun–Earth L5

Cited by 55 publications

References 20 publications

Testing the empirical shock arrival model using quadrature observations

Testing the empirical shock arrival model using quadrature observations

The effect of turbulence strength on meandering field lines and Solar Energetic Particle event extents

Scientific challenges in thermosphere-ionosphere forecasting – conclusions from the October 2014 NASA JPL community workshop

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