Early Weight Gain, Linear Growth, and Mid-Childhood Blood Pressure

Perng, Wei; Rifas‐Shiman, Sheryl L.; Kramer, Michael S.; Haugaard, Line Klingen; Oken, Emily; Gillman, Matthew W.; Belfort, Mandy B.

doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.06635

Cited by 77 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…Although our study does not support direct effects of birth weight for length and postnatal weight gain on lipid profiles or systolic BP, it distinctly shows that rate of postnatal weight gain progresses into childhood adiposity, which ultimately adversely affects cardiovascular disease risk. Other studies have reported a relationship between postnatal weight gain and BP with associations strengthening for weight gain more proximal to when BP was measured . Promoting healthy patterns of weight gain early on could affect cardiovascular disease risk factors through the former's influence on adiposity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Birth Weight, Postnatal Weight Gain, and Childhood Adiposity in Relation to Lipid Profile and Blood Pressure During Early Adolescence

Hulst

Barnett

Paradis

et al. 2017

JAHA

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BackgroundDifferent pathways likely underlie the association between early weight gain and cardiovascular disease risk. We examined whether birth weight for length relationship and weight gain up to 2 years of age are associated with lipid profiles and blood pressure (BP) in early adolescence and determined whether childhood adiposity mediates these associations.Methods and ResultsData from QUALITY (Quebec Adipose and Lifestyle Investigation in Youth), a cohort of white children with parental history of obesity, were analyzed (n=395). Sex‐specific weight for length z scores from birth to 2 years were computed. Rate of postnatal weight gain was estimated using individual slopes of weight for length z‐score measurements. Percentage of body fat was measured at 8 to 10 years. Fasting lipids and BP were measured at 10 to 12 years. Using path analysis, we found indirect effects of postnatal weight gain, through childhood adiposity, on all outcomes: Rate of postnatal weight for length gain was positively associated with childhood adiposity, which in turn was associated with unfavorable lipid and BP levels in early adolescence. In contrast, small beneficial direct effects on diastolic BP z scores, independent of weight at other time points, were found for birth weight for length (β=−0.05, 95% CI, −0.09 to −0.002) and for postnatal weight gain (β=−0.02, 95% CI, −0.03 to −0.002).ConclusionsAmong children with at least 1 obese parent, faster postnatal weight gain leads to cardiovascular risk factors in early adolescence through its effect on childhood adiposity. Although heavier newborns may have lower BP in early adolescence, this protective direct effect could be offset by a deleterious indirect effect linking birth weight to later adiposity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Birth Weight, Postnatal Weight Gain, and Childhood Adiposity in Relation to Lipid Profile and Blood Pressure During Early Adolescence

Hulst

Barnett

Paradis

et al. 2017

JAHA

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“…Rapid weight gain in early life may have significant implications for future health, particularly cardiometabolic risk [2,40,41,42], but it is not known if these associations are related to specific changes in body composition. We propose that the reference charts provided in this manuscript may be used to determine if an infant's FM/L 3 or FFM/L 2 is within the normal ranges, corrected for length.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rapid weight gain in early infancy increases future cardiometabolic risk [1,2,3,4] and predicts obesity in later childhood [5,6], adolescence and adulthood [7,8]. There is also evidence that the metabolic consequences of obesity can begin in childhood, as it is associated with increased inflammatory markers [9], immune dysregulation [10] and hypertension [11,12] from an early age.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Body Composition within the First 3 Months: Optimized Correction for Length and Correlation with BMI at 2 Years

Hawkes¹,

Zemel²,

Kiely³

et al. 2016

Horm Res Paediatr

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Background/Aims: Although early infant growth has implications for future health, body composition reference data in infancy are limited. The aim of this study was to describe reference data for fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) corrected for length (L) within the first 3 months and to evaluate if these measures predict the body mass index (BMI) at 2 years. Methods: Term infants had air displacement plethysmography performed at birth (n = 1,063) and approximately 2 months later (n = 922, between 49 and 86 days). Age- and sex-specific reference data were generated for FM, FFM, FM/L³ and FFM/L² and compared with BMI at 2 years. Results: FM/L³ and FFM/L² were the optimal indices independent of length. In the first 3 months, mean FM/L³ increased (males, from 2.7 to 5.9 kg/m³; females, from 3.2 to 6.1 kg/m³), whereas FFM/L² remained relatively stable (males, from 11.8 to 12.7 kg/m²; females, from 12.8 to 12.1 kg/m²). The odds of a BMI Z-score ≥2 at 2 years increased with increasing FM (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.97-3.7) and weight (OR 2.27, 95% CI 1.64-3.13) Z-scores at 2 months. Conclusions: FM/L³ and FFM/L² provide length-independent measures of FM and FFM in infancy. During the first 3 months, there is an increase in FM/L³, but not in FFM/L². The weight Z-score at 2 months is as good at predicting BMI at 2 years as body composition parameters.

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“…In infants, body composition has been historically assessed by serial measurements of weight and length; little is known about the extent to which common adiposity indicators, such as weight for age (3), weight for length (3,4) and BMI for age (3,5,6), represent adipose tissue mass as opposed to bone or muscle mass-an important distinction given that fat and lean mass have differential implications for future cardiovascular and metabolic health (7,8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An observational cohort study of weight- and length-derived anthropometric indicators with body composition at birth and 5 mo: the Healthy Start study

Perng

Ringham

Glueck

et al. 2017

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: Despite widespread use of weight-and length-based anthropometric indexes as proxies for adiposity, little is known regarding the extent to which they correspond with fat mass (FM) or fat-free mass (FFM) during infancy. Objective: This study aimed to examine associations of 3 derived indicators-weight-for-age z score (WFAZ), weight-for-length score (WFLZ), and body mass index z score (BMIZ)-with FM, percentage of FM, and FFM measured by air-displacement plethysmography during the first 5 mo of life. Design: Applying prospectively collected data from 1027 infants in a Colorado prebirth cohort, we used multivariate regression to evaluate associations between the derived indicators and body composition at birth and at 5 mo, and with change (D) during follow-up. Results: At birth, all 3 derived indicators were more strongly associated with FFM than with FM. Each unit of WFAZ corresponded with 0.342 kg FFM (95% CI: 0.331, 0.351 kg FFM), compared with 0.121 kg FM (95% CI: 0.114, 0.128 kg FM) (P , 0.0001); similar trends were observed for WFLZ and BMIZ. By 5 mo, WFLZ and BMIZ were more strongly associated with FM than with FFM, whereas WFAZ correlated similarly with the 2 components of body composition. DWFLZ and DBMIZ were both more strongly related to DFM than to DFFM; however, a direct comparison of the 2 indexes with respect to change in the percentage of FM indicated that DBMIZ was the optimal proxy of adiposity gain (P , 0.0001, pairwise difference). Conclusions: Weight-and length-based indexes are poor surrogates for newborn adiposity. However, at 5 mo, WFLZ and BMIZ are suitable proxies of FM. When assessing adiposity gain, DBMIZ is the best indicator of fat accrual during the first 5 postnatal months. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02273297.Am J Clin Nutr 2017;106:559-67.

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Early Weight Gain, Linear Growth, and Mid-Childhood Blood Pressure

Cited by 77 publications

References 42 publications

Birth Weight, Postnatal Weight Gain, and Childhood Adiposity in Relation to Lipid Profile and Blood Pressure During Early Adolescence

Birth Weight, Postnatal Weight Gain, and Childhood Adiposity in Relation to Lipid Profile and Blood Pressure During Early Adolescence

Body Composition within the First 3 Months: Optimized Correction for Length and Correlation with BMI at 2 Years

An observational cohort study of weight- and length-derived anthropometric indicators with body composition at birth and 5 mo: the Healthy Start study

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