“…Many studies have been devoted to the molecular mechanism behind the stress tolerance of this economic seaweed. Under external stress, a potential self-amplifying signaling loop involving Ca 2+ , phosphatidylinositol, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) is generated in this alga ( Zheng et al, 2019 ; Suda and Mikami, 2020 ; Wang et al, 2020 ; Guan et al, 2022 ), and the rapid, unique Ca 2+ signal is then decoded by calmodulin (CaM) to activate various CaM-dependent kinases ( Brawley et al, 2017 ; Wang et al, 2022 ). Potential downstream pathways, such as the antioxidant system, are then activated to maintain redox homeostasis ( Wang et al, 2018 ; Wang et al, 2019a ; Wang et al, 2020a ; Wang et al, 2020b ), while heat shock proteins (HSPs), the ubiquitin–proteasome system, and protein processing systems are induced to maintain intracellular protein synthesis, folding, and degradation homeostasis ( Wang et al, 2019b ; Wen et al, 2020 ; Niu et al, 2022 ; Zheng et al, 2022 ).…”