Early Maladaptive Schemas in Chronic Depression.

Abstract

ve been depressed as long as I can remember." "Everyone says I'm a depressive." "I'm not sure what you mean by normal mood. I've always been this way." "Somehow I've managed to get by at work, but deep down I am always depressed and unhappy.""Over the past 10 years, I haven't been without my depression for more than a week or two. It's always there in the background." Chronic depression is common (19% of depressed patients; Keller & Hanks, 1995), difficult to treat (Rowland, 2004;Keitner & Cardemil, 2004), and a significant public health problem (Howland, 1993). Once of limited interest to psychiatry and psychology, chronic depression is now a problem receiving considerable attention in the literature. For instance, a computerized PsycINFO search revealed more than 400 journal articles addressing some aspect of chronic depression and three edited books focusing on chronic depression specifically (Akiskal & Cassano, 1997; Alpert & Fava, 2004;Kocsis & Klein, 1995). In this chapter, we describe the different forms of chronic depression, review the distinction between chronic depression and nonchronic depression, and present the rationale, tools, and techniques for a schema-focused approach for chronic patients. A case presentation at the end of the chapter illustrates how to conceptualize and treat an individual with chronic depression using a schema-focused approach. Although major depressive disorder was discussed in chapter 2 (this volume), a separate 41

Prediction of Depression through Early Maladaptive Schemas

“…Also, EMSs have relationship with dysfunctional attitudes, overall negative affection, and poor esteem (1,20,21). When depression is measured by Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), all the five areas present a significant percentage of depression (22). In addition when researchers statistically controlled the current symptoms of depression, negative affection, and character disorders, EMSs showed higher correlation with chronic depression (1,20).…”

“…The fifth and last area is hypervigilance and preventing involves rigid beliefs of people about themselves, others, and the world that lead to vigilance, prevention, and stay away from the world (16). EMSs are persistent during the time with persons who confirm the same schemas, especially those belong to the rejection cut, and don't be destroyed (1,17,18). EMSs also have correlation with depression period, history of period depression, and dangerous factors for depression, include prevention and poor selfdirected (19).…”

“…EMSs also have correlation with depression period, history of period depression, and dangerous factors for depression, include prevention and poor selfdirected (19). Also, EMSs have relationship with dysfunctional attitudes, overall negative affection, and poor esteem (1,20,21). When depression is measured by Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), all the five areas present a significant percentage of depression (22).…”

“…Although theorists have challenged regarding the adjustment and review of cognitive therapy, all different theories have a mutual frame based on which they stressed on the role of maladaptive schemas in initiate and duration depression (1). Mood disorders are a common group of clinical disorders in which the sense of mastery is gone and the person takes enormous suffering.…”

Cognitive Schema Factors in Opioid Substance Abuser Men with Sexual Dysfunction

“…Despite the literature showing that schema can play a vulnerability role predisposing persons to different psychopathological syndromes, 26,27 research on the impact of these dysfunctional schema on sexual difficulties are lacking. In this sense, the existence of an underlying cognitive organization predisposing persons to the development and maintenance of sexual problems is assumed, in a similar way to what has been demonstrated for the generality of emotional disorders.…”