Early life stage toxicity tests with a saltwater fish: Effects of eight chemicals on survival, growth, and development of sheepshead minnows (<i>cyprinodon variegatus</i>)

Ward, G. S.; Parrish, P.R.; Rigby, R. A.

doi:10.1080/15287398109530066

Cited by 23 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…A literature review suggests that the levels of bromoform found in our study will not adversely affect marine organisms. Toxicity data are available for phytoplankton Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira pseudonana, Glenodinium halli and Isochrysis galbana (Erickson & Freeman 1978), mysid shrimp Americamysis bahia (US Environmental Protection Agency 1978), brown shrimp Penaeus aztecus (Andersen et al 1979), Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus (Andersen et al 1979), and sheepshead minnow Cyprinodon variegates (Heitmuller et al 1981, Ward 1981. Data for these species suggest that the quantity of bromoform produced during our shipboard experiments was not acutely toxic with IC 50 (50% inhibition concentration), LC 50 (50% lethal concentration), or NOEC (no observed effect concentration) values 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher than the quantities we observed.…”

Section: Disinfection Byproduct Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozone treatment of ballast water on the oil tanker S/T Tonsina: chemistry, biology and toxicity

Herwig¹,

Cordell²,

Perrins³

et al. 2006

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Worldwide transfer and introduction of non-indigenous species in ballast water causes significant environmental and economic impact. One way to address this problem is to remove or inactivate organisms that are found in ballast water. In this study, 3 experiments were conducted in Puget Sound, Washington, USA, using a prototype ozone treatment system installed on a commercial oil tanker, the S/T Tonsina. Treatment consisted of ozone gas diffused into a ballast tank for 5 and 10 h. Treatment and control tanks were sampled during the ozonation period for chemistry, culturable bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton. Selected fish and invertebrates were placed in cages deployed in the treatment and control tanks. Ozone introduced into seawater rapidly converts bromide (Br -) to bromines (HOBr/OBr -), compounds that are disinfectants. These were measured as total residual oxidant (TRO). Ozone treatment inactivated large portions of culturable bacteria, phytoplankton and zooplankton. The highest reductions observed were 99.99% for the culturable bacteria, > 99% for dinoflagellates and 96% for zooplankton. Caged animal results varied among taxa and locations in the ballast tank. Sheepshead minnows and mysid shrimp were most susceptible, shore crabs and amphipods the least. Distribution of ozone in the treatment tank was not homogenous during experiments, as suggested by the observed TRO concentrations and lower efficacies for inactivating the different taxa in selected ballast tank locations. Low concentrations of bromoform, a disinfection byproduct, were found in treated ballast water.

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Section: Disinfection Byproduct Chemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozone treatment of ballast water on the oil tanker S/T Tonsina: chemistry, biology and toxicity

Herwig¹,

Cordell²,

Perrins³

et al. 2006

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…In contrast, both bromate ion and bromoform are substantially less toxic than bromine and, therefore, are unlikely to contribute any significant toxicity. Bromate ion LC50 values range from 30 mg/L for the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) to 512 mg/L for the chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) [28], and bromoform LC50 values range from 7.1 mg/L for sheepshead minnows [47] to 26 mg/L for the brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) [48]. In the studies onboard the S/ T Tonsina that used a ozonation system similar to that in the present study, bromate ion was never detected, and bromoform was found to occur at concentrations less than 1 mg/L [25].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of ozonated seawater to marine organisms

Jones

Gensemer

Stubblefield

et al. 2006

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Ballast water transport of nonindigenous species (NIS) is recognized as a significant contributor to biological invasions and a threat to coastal ecosystems. Recently, the use of ozone as an oxidant to eliminate NIS from ballast while ships are in transit has been considered. We determined the toxicity of ozone in artificial seawater (ASW) for five species of marine organisms in short-term (< or = 5 h) batch exposures. Larval topsmelt (Atherinops affinis) and juvenile sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) were the most sensitive to oxidant exposure, and the mysid shrimp (Americamysis bahia) was the most sensitive invertebrate. Conversely, benthic amphipods (Leptocheirus plumulosus and Rhepoxinius abronius) were the least sensitive of all species tested. Mortality from ozone exposure occurred quickly, with median lethal times ranging from 1 to 3 h for the most sensitive species, although additional mortality was observed 1 to 2 d following ozone exposure. Because ozone does not persist in seawater, toxicity likely resulted from bromide ion oxidation to bromine species (HOBr and OBr-), which persist as residual toxicants after at least 2 d of storage. Total residual oxidant (TRO; as Br2) formation resulting from ozone treatment was measured in ASW and four site-specific natural seawaters. The rate of TRO formation correlated with salinity, but dissolved organic carbon and total dissolved nitrogen did not affect TRO concentrations. Acute toxicity tests with each water over 48 h using mysid shrimp, topsmelt, and sheepshead minnows yielded results similar to those of batch exposure. Addition of sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) to ozonated waters resulted in TRO elimination and survival of all organisms. Our results provide necessary information for the optimization of an efficacious ozone ballast water treatment system.

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“…A few studies have investigated the effects of waterborne PCNs to fish and QSAR models have also been developed for acute toxicity of PCN congeners to fish (Gu et al., 2021; Nath et al., 2023; Sişman & Geyikoğlu, 2008; Ward et al., 1981). Because of the high octanol–water partition coefficient ( K ow ) of PCNs, it is likely that water is not an important route of exposure (Pärt, 1989).…”

Section: Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risks for animal and human health related to the presence of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in feed and food

Schrenk,

Bignami,

Bodin

et al. 2024

EFS2

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EFSA was asked for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in feed and food. The assessment focused on hexaCNs due to very limited data on other PCN congeners. For hexaCNs in feed, 217 analytical results were used to estimate dietary exposures for food-producing and non-food-producing animals; however, a risk characterisation could not be performed because none of the toxicological studies allowed identification of reference points. The oral repeated dose toxicity studies performed in rats with a hexaCN mixture containing all 10 hexaCNs indicated that the critical target was the haematological system. A BMDL 20 of 0.05 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day was identified for a considerable decrease in the platelet count. For hexaCNs in food, 2317 analytical results were used to estimate dietary exposures across dietary surveys and age groups. The highest exposure ranged from 0.91 to 29.8 pg/kg bw per day in general population and from 220 to 559 pg/kg bw per day for breast-fed infants with the highest consumption of breast milk. Applying a margin of exposure (MOE) approach, the estimated MOEs for the high dietary exposures ranged from 1,700,000 to 55,000,000 for the general population and from 90,000 to 230,000 for breast-fed infants with the highest consumption of breast milk. These MOEs are far above the minimum MOE of 2000 that does not raise a health concern. Taking account of the uncertainties affecting the assessment, the Panel concluded with at least 99% certainty that dietary exposure to hexaCNs does not raise a health concern for any of the population groups considered. Due to major limitations in the available data, no assessment was possible for genotoxic effects or for health risks of PCNs other than hexaCNs.

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Early life stage toxicity tests with a saltwater fish: Effects of eight chemicals on survival, growth, and development of sheepshead minnows (cyprinodon variegatus)

Cited by 23 publications

References 10 publications

Ozone treatment of ballast water on the oil tanker S/T Tonsina: chemistry, biology and toxicity

Ozone treatment of ballast water on the oil tanker S/T Tonsina: chemistry, biology and toxicity

Toxicity of ozonated seawater to marine organisms

Risks for animal and human health related to the presence of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in feed and food

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