Early imperialism in the Andes: Wari colonisation of Nasca

Conlee, Christina A.; Kellner, Corina M.; Walker, Chester P.; Noriega, Aldo

doi:10.15184/aqy.2021.118

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Owen [110] (pp. [14][15] describes two different groups living in the lower valley: AEC and BREC (based on materials from the Burgess-Reinhard type site). A third group seems to have occupied the coast just north of the river drainage at Wawakiki [111] (p.239) [112] (pp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…People of Nasca heritage may have settled on Cerro Mejía too. This region was extensively colonized by the Wari [14] and is 500 km distant. The others appear to have come from the coastal part of the Moquegua valley approximately 90km downstream from Cerro Mejía and the middle valley, a relatively short move between 8 to 30 km.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Researchers working in several regions of Peru assert that there was a Wari Empire in the latter half of the first millennium with a large urban capital at Huari (ca. 15 km squared), which is located in the department of Ayacucho [14][15][16][17][18][19][20]. In the highlands, several monumental complexes exhibit Wari architectural canons and resemble buildings in the polity's core.…”

Section: The Wari Empire Of Perumentioning

confidence: 99%

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Considering Imperial Complexity in Prehistory: A Polyethnic Wari Enclave in Moquegua, Peru

Nash

2022

Humans

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Wari is thought by many to be the first Andean Empire (ca. 600–1000 AD); however, the means of expansion, the areas controlled, the strength of the polity, and the nature of Wari institutions remain largely contested. In general, models describing the Wari polity are simplistic and do not exploit sophisticated approaches developed by historical archaeologists. Wari expansion into the Moquegua Valley, Peru, was originally interpreted as an intrusive colony or distant outpost, perhaps to engage its southern neighbor, Tiwanaku. It was presumed that migrants from the polity’s core established settlements and imperial infrastructure in an unoccupied ecozone. Recent research of households in the colony reveals diverse domestic material culture, diets, and use of living space. Those who lived in Wari-affiliated settlements were probably drawn from other imperial provinces and communities from other areas of the drainage. Forced relocations are common among historically documented empires, but willing pioneers may have selected for this tenuous frontier. Regional-scale data show that Wari had the strength to change the local economy and control this distant frontier province; household-scale data reveal the polyethnic nature of the colonial enclave and provide clues to understand early imperial institutions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Wari Empire Of Perumentioning

confidence: 99%

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Considering Imperial Complexity in Prehistory: A Polyethnic Wari Enclave in Moquegua, Peru

Nash

2022

Humans

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“…For example, the Wari established Espíritu Pampa on the eastern slopes of the Andes where they could acquire Amazonian goods, including fanciful feathers, coca, beeswax, and hallucinogenic plants (Fonseca Santa Cruz and Bauer 2020). Likewise, Wari settlements in the coastal valleys of Nasca and Majes may have facilitated the production of cotton and coca (Conlee et al 2021;Edwards and Schreiber 2014;Goldstein 2010).…”

Section: Wari Political Economymentioning

confidence: 99%

Obsidian Procurement and Exchange at the Apogee of Empire: Wari Political Economy in Arequipa, Peru

Reid,

Williams,

Cardona Rosas

et al. 2024

Latin Am. antiq.

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During the Middle Horizon (AD 600–1000), obsidian was transported in greater quantities and distances than ever before identified in the Andes, in part by the expansionary Wari state. Two of the three major obsidian sources used in the south-central Andes are located in the modern department of Arequipa, Peru. Arequipa was a region of intense Wari influence and intrusive presence; however, little is known about regional obsidian use. Portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) were used to analyze 383 obsidian artifacts recovered from 10 archaeological sites in Arequipa. Results highlight diachronic and spatial patterning related to obsidian procurement strategies, state versus bottom-up exchange networks, and local participation within the Wari realm. A wide variety of geological obsidian sources, including nonlocal obsidians originating from Wari's Ayacucho heartland, were used. By the late Middle Horizon, the Wari had consolidated regional resources with the sole use of Alca-1 and Alca-4 bedrock obsidians, the largest-sized and highest-quality sources in the area. We assess related models of obsidian procurement and exchange related to state political economy, long-distance caravan activity, and the role of local ceremonial/waystation centers that facilitated the flow of ideas, goods, and people across Arequipa.

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“…De este modo, las poblaciones de la sierra central, como las del valle de Ayacucho, parecen haber tenido razones suficientes para empezar a adquirir la coca y eventualmente incluso para conquistar la costa sur. Aquí es preciso recordar que esta costa fue una de las primeras regiones anexadas por el Estado Wari, que surgió en el valle de Ayacucho durante el HM (Conlee 2021;Conlee et al 2021;Isbell 2010;McEwan y Williams 2012;Menzel 1964Menzel , 1977Valdez 2021b).…”

Section: La Evidencia Arqueológicaunclassified

Hojas de coca para los ancestros: nueva evidencia arqueológica de Vijoto, valle de Acarí, Perú

Valdez

2023

BSCHA

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Durante el auge del Estado Inka, la coca fue una de las plantas de mayor significado en el mundo andino. Los cronistas españoles fueron los primeros en anotar que tanto vivos como muertos llevaban hojas de coca en sus bocas, por ser considerada una planta sagrada. ¿Cuándo surgió esta asociación entre los muertos y la hoja de coca? ¿Fueron los Inka los primeros en establecer esta asociación? El reciente hallazgo fortuito de una bolsa con hojas de coca en el sitio arqueológico Vijoto, en el valle de Acarí, en la costa sur del Perú, sugiere que esta asociación surgió a inicios del auge del Estado Wari, mucho antes de la emergencia del Estado inkaico. La nueva evidencia permite sostener que la práctica Inka de depositar hojas de coca como ofrenda a los muertos era una continuación de costumbres con raíces antiguas que se remonta por lo menos a inicios del Período Horizonte Medio.

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Early imperialism in the Andes: Wari colonisation of Nasca

Abstract: Abstract

Cited by 11 publications

References 31 publications

Considering Imperial Complexity in Prehistory: A Polyethnic Wari Enclave in Moquegua, Peru

Considering Imperial Complexity in Prehistory: A Polyethnic Wari Enclave in Moquegua, Peru

Obsidian Procurement and Exchange at the Apogee of Empire: Wari Political Economy in Arequipa, Peru

Hojas de coca para los ancestros: nueva evidencia arqueológica de Vijoto, valle de Acarí, Perú

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