Early IgG Response to Foot and Mouth Disease Vaccine Formulated with a Vegetable Oil Adjuvant

Abstract

The present study evaluated soybean oil (SO) containing vitamin E (VE) and ginseng saponins (GS) (SO-VE-GS) for their adjuvant effect on foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine. Since mineral oil ISA 206 is a common adjuvant used in the FMD vaccine, it was used as a control adjuvant in this study. VE and GS were found to have a synergistic adjuvant effect. When mice were immunized with the FMD vaccine emulsified in SO with VE and GS, significantly higher serum IgG, IgG1, and IgG2a were found than VE and GS used alone. SO-VE-GS and ISA 206 behaved differently in adjuvant activities. When mice were immunized with the FMD vaccine adjuvanted with SO-VE-GS, significantly higher and earlier production of serum IgG was found than that adjuvanted with ISA 206. Although both adjuvants significantly increased the number of bone marrow plasma cells, a stimulation index of lymphocytes (SI) as well as the production of IL-4 and IL-6, SO-VE-GS promoted significantly higher SI and the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T cells with production of increased IFN-γ and decreased TGF-β1 as compared with the ISA 206 group. The data suggested that SO-VE-GS activated Th1/Th2 immune responses. Transcriptome analysis of splenocytes showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs), immune-related gene ontology (GO) terms, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were significantly enriched in the SO-VE-GS group. Therefore, the potent adjuvant effect of SO-VE-GS on the FMD vaccine may be attributed to the immune-related gene profile expressed in lymphocytes. Due to its plant origin and due to being much cheaper than imported mineral oil ISA 206, SO-VE-GS deserves further study in relation to vaccines used in food animals.

Enhanced Immune Responses with Serum Proteomic Analysis of Hu Sheep to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Emulsified in a Vegetable Oil Adjuvant

“…Additionally, the pathways identified in Figure 6 seem to suggest that Th17 responses were also activated. The same results were also observed in our previous study where Th1 and Th2 immune responses are activated by SO-VE-GS in mice [32].…”

“…To investigate the mechanisms underlying the adjuvant properties of SO-VE-GS, a transcriptomic approach was previously used in a mouse model. This study suggested that the adjuvant properties of SO-VE-GS may be attributed to activation of immune-related genes and pathways [ 32 ]. This proteomic technology [ 56 ] is based on isotopic labeling and has been applied in several aspects, including production mechanisms [ 57 ], growth performance [ 44 ], and disease resistance of animals [ 58 , 59 , 60 ].…”

“…The antigen was diluted in physiological saline solution to a required concentration and then added to ISA 206 in a ratio of 50:50 (w/w) or SO-VE-GS in a ratio of 50:50 (v/v). To prepare the SO-VE-GS adjuvanted vaccine [32], the mixture was emulsified at a shear rate of 14,500 rpm for 10 min at 30 • C (IKA T10 basic, ULTRA-TURRAX1, Staufen, Germany) to form an emulsion of oil-in-water (O/W). ISA 206 adjuvanted vaccine was prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions.…”

“…To improve the immune response, commercially available FMD vaccines are usually adjuvanted with Montanide ISA 206, a mineral oil-based adjuvant [ 31 ]. Our previous study demonstrated that a vegetable oil containing both vitamin E and ginseng saponins (SO-VE-GS) had adjuvant effect and significantly improved the immune response induced with an FMD vaccine in mice [ 32 ]. VE included in vaccines to improve the immunostimulation has been reported in other studies [ 33 , 34 ].…”

Protective Effect of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate in Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Damage in Chicken Lymphocytes

“…Total RNA was extracted from lymphocytes (5 × 10 5 cells) using RNAiso™ Plus kit according to the manufacturer's protocol. The purity and quality of total RNA were evaluated by the ratio of absorption (260 : 280 nm) ranged from 1.8 to 2.0 and quantitated on a NanoPhotometer spectrophotometer (IMPLEN, CA, USA) [ 34 ]. Subsequently, 2 μ g of total RNA was used to synthesize cDNA using a PrimeScript™ RT reagent kit based on the manufacturer's instructions.…”