Early Cocking Phase Mechanics and Upper Extremity Surgery Risk in Starting Professional Baseball Pitchers

Douoguih, Wiemi A.; Dolce, Donald L.; Lincoln, Andrew E.

doi:10.1177/2325967115581594

Cited by 33 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…While continued use of kinematic measurement within the laboratory is important and necessary, there is increased interest in the research and clinical practice communities to capture human motion outside of the laboratory setting 8–10 . Capturing kinematics during daily activities performed in their natural setting can advance our understanding of the cumulative biomechanical stress placed on joints that lead to musculoskeletal injury and disease 11 that have been previously quantified with the use of 2D video analysis or subject observation 12–13 . Objective measurement of kinematics outside the laboratory requires wearable sensors that are easy to apply, unobtrusive, and reach a level of accuracy sufficient to answer the study question.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of Inertial Measurement Units for Upper Body Kinematics

Morrow¹,

Lowndes²,

Fortune³

et al. 2017

Journal of Applied Biomechanics

103

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The purpose of this study was to validate a commercially available IMU system against a standard lab-based motion capture system for the measurement of shoulder elevation, elbow flexion, trunk flexion/extension and neck flexion/extension kinematics. The validation analyses were applied to six surgical faculty members performing a standard, simulated surgical training task that mimics minimally invasive surgery. Three-dimensional joint kinematics were simultaneously recorded by an optical motion capture system and an IMU system with six sensors placed on the head, chest, and bilateral upper and lower arms. The sensor-to-segment axes alignment was accomplished manually. The IMU neck and trunk IMU flexion/extension angles were accurate to within 2.9±0.9 degrees and 1.6±1.1 degrees, respectively. The IMU shoulder elevation measure was accurate to within 6.8±2.7 degrees and the elbow flexion measure was accurate to within 8.2±2.8 degrees. In the Bland-Altman analyses, there were no significant systematic errors present; however, there was a significant inversely proportional error across all joints. As the gold standard measurement increased, the IMU underestimated the magnitude of the joint angle. This study reports acceptable accuracy of a commercially available IMU system; however, results should be interpreted as protocol specific.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validation of Inertial Measurement Units for Upper Body Kinematics

Morrow¹,

Lowndes²,

Fortune³

et al. 2017

Journal of Applied Biomechanics

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…They compared pitchers with early trunk rotation (trunk rotation prior to stride foot with non-vertical arm position) with pitchers in the "inverted-W position" (one or both elbows elevated above the shoulder in the early cocking phase). 31 Although the inverted-W position did not predict a higher risk of injury requiring surgery, the early pelvic rotation did. Early trunk rotation at the cocking phase without appropriate vertical arm position will not allow the upper extremity to capitalize on momentum generated by the lower body.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…However, 95% of pitchers in their study led with pelvic rotation. 14 Support for reducing shoulder and elbow torques comes from Douoguih et al, 31 who investigated the motion of professional pitchers with injuries requiring surgery. They compared pitchers with early trunk rotation (trunk rotation prior to stride foot with non-vertical arm position) with pitchers in the "inverted-W position" (one or both elbows elevated above the shoulder in the early cocking phase).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting Injury in Professional Baseball Pitchers From Delivery Mechanics: A Statistical Model Using Quantitative Video Analysis

Sutter¹,

Orenduff²,

Fox³

et al. 2018

Orthopedics

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Baseball pitching imposes significant stress on the upper extremity and can lead to injury. Many studies have attempted to predict injury through pitching mechanics, most of which have used laboratory setups that are often not practical for population-based analysis. This study sought to predict injury risk in professional baseball pitchers using a statistical model based on video analysis evaluating delivery mechanics in a large population. Career data were collected and video analysis was performed on a random sample of former and current professional pitchers. Delivery mechanics were analyzed using 6 categories: mass and momentum, arm swing, posture, position at foot strike, path of arm acceleration, and finish. Effects of demographics and delivery scores on injury were determined using a survival analysis, and model validity was assessed. A total of 449 professional pitchers were analyzed. Risk of injury significantly increased with later birth date, role as reliever vs starter, and previous major injury. Risk of injury significantly decreased with increase in overall delivery score (7.8%) and independently with increase in score of the mass and momentum (16.5%), arm swing (12.0%), and position at foot strike (22.8%) categories. The accuracy of the model in predicting injury was significantly better when including total delivery score compared with demographic factors alone. This study presents a model that evaluates delivery mechanics and predicts injury risk of professional pitchers based on video analysis and demographic variables. This model can be used to assess injury risk of professional pitchers and can be potentially expanded to assess injury risk in pitchers at other levels. [Orthopedics. 2018; 41(1):43-53.].

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“…It experiences the most torque in the late cocking and early acceleration phases of the pitching motion kinetic chain [38, 40, 41, 58, 59, 75]. Pitching velocity and volume have both been associated with an increased risk of UCL injury [3, 14, 28, 31, 39, 52, 61, 62, 67, 78].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elbow Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction Using the Novel Docking Plus Technique in 324 Athletes

Donohue

Lubitz

Kremchek³

2019

Sports Med - Open

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BackgroundThis retrospective case series examined 324 athletes who received elbow ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) reconstruction by a single surgeon in a private practice over a 9-year period. The novel Docking Plus technique for elbow UCL reconstruction in 324 athletes provided good or excellent Conway score results in 88% of patients. The preponderance of previous studies examining UCL reconstruction outcomes were performed by surgeons at one of only three institutions (Andrews Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, Kerlan Jobe Orthopedic Clinic).MethodsPatients undergoing UCL reconstruction from November 2005 to December 2014 were identified and contacted with a mailed survey and phone call. These patients were given a subjective 19 question survey assessing their outcomes from surgery.ResultsThe participants who responded to our survey were 90% male and 77% baseball players, 73% of which were pitchers. Of the baseball players who responded, 51.9% were in high school at the time of their surgery, 37% college, 6.5% minor leagues, and 2.2% in Major League Baseball. After surgery, 36% of survey responders returned to a higher level of competition than previously. For example, a high school athlete who had UCL reconstruction and went on to pitch in college. Further, 45% returned to the same level, and 7% returned to a lower level. Subjective “satisfaction,” was reported in 92% of responders and 97.2% reported that, “having surgery was a good idea.” Symptom onset in the responding athletes was 58.9% sudden, and 41.1% gradual. Overall, 90.9% of respondents returned to play in less than 1.5 years while 6.3% never were able to return. Re-tear occurred in 2.5% of patients, while 8.8% had subjective nerve dysfunction for at least 3 months following surgery.ConclusionThe Docking Plus technique can produce excellent subjective and objective results in athletes. Further study is warranted to see the effects of this procedure in other settings and determine which method of reconstruction or repair is superior.

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Early Cocking Phase Mechanics and Upper Extremity Surgery Risk in Starting Professional Baseball Pitchers

Cited by 33 publications

References 10 publications

Validation of Inertial Measurement Units for Upper Body Kinematics

Validation of Inertial Measurement Units for Upper Body Kinematics

Predicting Injury in Professional Baseball Pitchers From Delivery Mechanics: A Statistical Model Using Quantitative Video Analysis

Elbow Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction Using the Novel Docking Plus Technique in 324 Athletes

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