Ear lobe blood samples for blood gas analysis at rest and during exercise

Godfrey, S.; Woźniak, Elżbieta; Evans, R. J. Courtenay; Samuels, C.S.

doi:10.1016/0007-0971(71)90006-4

Cited by 50 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…The validity of this method was supported on the basis of simple comparison [2], lack of significant difference [1,4,8,12], or presence of significant correlations between arterialized earlobe and arterial blood PO 2 and PCO 2 [3,[5][6][7][8]. Recently, PITKIN et al [10] addressed the same question, using the method of BLAND and ALTMAN [11] to compare blood gas values from arterialized earlobe and arterial samples.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The effect of a given venous admixture in earlobe blood depends on the arterio-venous PO 2 difference: the larger the arterio-venous O 2 difference, the wider the discrepancy between earlobe and arterial PO 2 . This is one likely reason for the unreliable PO 2 values measured in arterialized earlobe blood in patients breathing 100% oxygen [4,9,13]. Because the arterio-venous PO 2 difference is large in subjects with normal arterial PO 2 , a small venous admixture in earlobe blood will result in a greater discrepancy between earlobe and arterial PO 2 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This method, described many years ago [1], is a simple and safe procedure which can be performed by medical technicians. Comparing values for partial pressure of oxygen (PO 2 ) and of carbon dioxide (PCO 2 ) from arterialized earlobe blood samples with arterial blood samples, several authors have concluded that the earlobe site was suitable for routine clinical purposes [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. This idea was again advocated by two recent studies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 91%

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Differences in PO2 and PCO2 between arterial and arterialized earlobe samples

Sauty¹,

Uldry²,

Debétaz³

et al. 1996

Eur Respir J

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Differences in PO 2 and PCO 2 between arterial and arterialized earlobe samples. A. Sauty, C. Uldry, L-F. Debétaz, P. Leuenberger, J-W. Fitting. ©ERS Journals Ltd 1996. ABSTRACT: Arterialized ear lobe blood samples have been described as adequate to gauge gas exchange in acute and chronically ill patients. It is a safe procedure, usually performed by medical technicians. We have conducted a prospective study to verify the validity of this method.One hundred and fifteen consecutive adult patients were studied. Blood samples were drawn simultaneously from arterialized earlobe and radial artery. Values of partial pressure of oxygen (PO 2 ) and of carbon dioxide (PCO 2 ) were measured by means of blood gas electrodes.The correlation coefficients between the two samples were 0.928 for PO 2 and 0.957 for PCO 2 values. In spite of a highly significant correlation, the limits of agreement between the two methods were wide for PO 2 . Earlobe values of PO 2 were usually lower than arterial values, with larger differences in the range of normal arterial PO 2 . On the other hand, the error and the limits of agreement were smaller for PCO 2 .We conclude that, in adult patients, arterialized earlobe blood PO 2 is not a reliable mirror of arterial PO 2 . Eur Respir J., 1996, 9: 186-189 Blood gas values can be measured using arterialized earlobe blood samples, instead of arterial samples, in order to gauge pulmonary gas exchange in acute or chronically ill patients. This method, described many years ago [1], is a simple and safe procedure which can be performed by medical technicians. Comparing values for partial pressure of oxygen (PO 2 ) and of carbon dioxide (PCO 2 ) from arterialized earlobe blood samples with arterial blood samples, several authors have concluded that the earlobe site was suitable for routine clinical purposes [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. This idea was again advocated by two recent studies. PITKIN et al. [10] compared PO 2 , PCO 2 , and pH values from 40 blood samples simultaneously drawn from the radial artery and hyperaemic earlobe. Using the method of BLAND and ALTMAN [11] for the assessment of agreement, these authors also concluded that arterialized earlobe blood gas values were accurate enough to be used in clinical application. Finally, DAR et al. [12] reported that earlobe sampling was significantly less painful than arterial sampling in 55 patients, whereas blood gas values were not different with the two techniques.For several years, the arterialized earlobe technique has been the standard practice for measuring arterial blood gases in our pulmonary function laboratory. However, in some instances, we have noticed a marked discrepancy between arterial and relatively lower arterialized earlobe values of PO 2 . We, therefore, conducted a prospective study to compare arterial and arterialized earlobe blood samples in 115 consecutive adult patients. Material and methodsOur study group included 115 consecutive adult patients investigated in our pulmonary function laboratory for various conditions. No...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 91%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Differences in PO2 and PCO2 between arterial and arterialized earlobe samples

Sauty¹,

Uldry²,

Debétaz³

et al. 1996

Eur Respir J

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“…Trapped gas (TG) was calculated as the difference between T G V (plethysmographically determined) and F R C (determined by M BNW ). To compare patients o f differ ent growth stages, lung function data are expressed as percent pre dicted according to the values previously established [2,12], Blood gases were determined from the arterialized earlobe [13,14] under room air and after 100% oxygen breathing (1.5 min after reaching an end-tidal N , concentration of less than 0.02). Although certain authors feel that arterial blood samplings are required for such a study, there are certain ethical aspects which have to be con sidered, especially in children with chronic lung disease where, rou tinely, several times a year such measurements are necessary.…”

Section: Pulmonary Function Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ventilatory Inequalities, Pulmonary Function and Blood Oxygenation in Advanced States of Cystic Fibrosis

Kraemer

Schöni²

1990

Respiration

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In 36 patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), aged 6.2–26.4 years, the relationship between functional lung deterioration and gas exchange characteristics was studied by backward stepwise discriminant analysis of 22 dependent variables, within 3 clinically defined severity degrees of the disease. The stratification was based on a general clinical score, a chest X-ray score and the relative underweight of the patients. Lung function testing included whole body plethysmography and multibreath nitrogen washouts (MBNW). Blood gas analyses were performed under room air (FiO₂ = 0.21) and 100% oxygen breathing (FiO₂ = 1.0). The clinical score correlated best with vital capacity (r = 0.776) and PaO₂ at room air (r = 0.829); the X-ray score correlated best with PaO₂ at room air (r = 0.768). Impairment of oxygenation characteristics was closely related to the degree of ventilation inequalities (MBNW) and the amount of trapped gases, both increasingly present from severity group I to III. In addition the calculated arterial-alveolar oxygen ratio (group I 0,47; group II 0,38; group III 0.29) as an estimate of intrapulmonary gas exchange deficiency revealed that only patients with mild lung involvement (group I) fulfil the functional conditions to achieve a paO₂ of 70 mm Hg at room air, whereas patients with severer lung involvement (groups II and III) would need a FiO₂ of 26.0 or 39.6, respectively, in order to have a sufficient oxygenation

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“…FRG) capillary blood samples from the earlobe were analyzed for Pa",, Pa( <", pH, and base excess (Eschweiler MTA 100, Kiel, FRG) and the means were taken as substitutes for arterial values [3,17,26]. Heart rate was determined from the electrocardio graph which was recorded with a paper speed of 50 mm/s.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Effects of Beta-Adrenergic Blockade on P<sub>0.1</sub> and Mean Inspiratory Flow

Chowanetz¹,

Balk²,

Jany³

1988

Respiration

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To quantitatively examine and compare the effects of β-adrenergic blockade on ventilation, we studied 20 healthy volunteers during inhalation of room air and at steady state CO₂ (2.0, 4.4, 6.0%) following a single oral dose of bupranolol (vs. placebo). During room air breathing, minute ventilation (V_E) and mean inspiratory flow (V_τ/Tι) were significantly reduced after β-blockade with a concomitant increase in blood Pa_CO2 (p < 0.01). The timing factor Tι/T_tot and mouth occlusion pressure P_0.1 remained unchanged. These differences were, as shown from calculated effective alveolar ventilation, mainly attributed to a decrease in physiological dead space ventilation following β-blockade. With a stepwise increase in FI_CO2, the difference in Pa_CO2 between placebo and bupranolol tended to approach zero, whereas V_E and V_τ/Tι remained significantly lower during β-blockade (P < 0.05). In contrast, no difference existed in P_0.1 between bupranolol and placebo. We suggest that (1) respiratory drive assessed by P_0.1 is unaffected by β-blockade and (2) mean inspiratory flow depends also on CO₂ elimination characteristics, which are influenced by β-blockade

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Ear lobe blood samples for blood gas analysis at rest and during exercise

Cited by 50 publications

References 2 publications

Differences in PO2 and PCO2 between arterial and arterialized earlobe samples

Differences in PO2 and PCO2 between arterial and arterialized earlobe samples

Ventilatory Inequalities, Pulmonary Function and Blood Oxygenation in Advanced States of Cystic Fibrosis

Differential Effects of Beta-Adrenergic Blockade on P<sub>0.1</sub> and Mean Inspiratory Flow

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