E-Field Strength Measurements of a 5G Base Station in 28 GHz Band for EMF Exposure Assessment

Liu, Sen; Onishi, Teruo; Taki, Masao; Ikuyo, Miwa; Tobita, Kazuhiro; Watanabe, Soichi; Suzuki, Yukihisa

doi:10.23919/usnc-ursi51813.2021.9703567

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…A code-selective methodology, based on the extrapolation of exposure from the power collected over decoded 5G signals (like the SS-RSRP), is applied. Interestingly, the extrapolated EMF levels are higher than the ones measured by [9], with an average electric field reaching up to 2.02 [V/m]. Moreover, the authors perform several tests with a UE, including voice call, video call, video streaming, uplink (UL) and DL synthetic traffic.…”

Section: B Exposure From 5g Mm-wave Deploymentsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Focusing on commercial mm-Wave deployments, very few works [9], [10] measure the EMF from operative mm-Wave BSs, mainly due to the fact that 5G mm-Wave deployments have been installed very recently -and still not pervasively in the world. Therefore, the assessment of exposure from such deployments is a novelty in the field.…”

Section: B Exposure From 5g Mm-wave Deploymentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the assessment of exposure from such deployments is a novelty in the field. In more detail, Liu et al [9] collect narrow-band EMF measurements from a mm-Wave BS operating on 28 [GHz]. The authors exploit a measurement chain composed of an SAN and a horn antenna, pointed towards the mm-Wave BS under investigation.…”

Section: B Exposure From 5g Mm-wave Deploymentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At a regulation level, ground-truth measurements should demonstrate that mm-Wave exposure complies with maximum limits defined by law [7]. At the research level, then, the topic is relatively in an infancy phase, as few works face the measurement of mm-Wave BS exposure in precommercial 5G deployments (see e.g., [8]), and very few in commercial ones [9], [10]. In addition, the definition of EMF measurement methodologies tailored to the mm-Wave domain is of interest for both international and national exposure standardization bodies, which define the procedures to assess the exposure compliance against the maximum EMF limits [11], [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

EMF Exposure in 5G Standalone mm-Wave Deployments: What Is the Impact of Downlink Traffic?

Chiaraviglio

Lodovisi

Franci

et al. 2022

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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The rolling-out of 5G networks is recently including 5G Base Stations (BSs) operating on millimeter-Wave (mm-Wave) frequencies. The goal of this work is to shed light on the exposure assessment from commercial 5G mm-Wave 5G BSs, by focusing on the impact of downlink traffic on the exposure levels. To this aim, we adopt an innovative measurement framework, based on hardware and software components, able to satisfy the challenging measurement requirements of mm-Wave frequencies. In addition, we design a completely softwarized algorithm, called M-WAVE, in order to measure the mm-Wave exposure with a programmable spectrum analyzer. Results, obtained from a commercial 5G scenario, reveal that the exposure from the mm-Wave BS is directly proportional to the amount of traffic injected on the wireless link. However, the electric field is always lower than 0.08 V/m, while the downlink traffic is even larger than 800 Mbps.

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Section: B Exposure From 5g Mm-wave Deploymentsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: B Exposure From 5g Mm-wave Deploymentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: B Exposure From 5g Mm-wave Deploymentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

EMF Exposure in 5G Standalone mm-Wave Deployments: What Is the Impact of Downlink Traffic?

Chiaraviglio

Lodovisi

Franci

et al. 2022

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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“…In practice, 5G towers or terminals can artificially adjust the EMF exposure level while ensuring the quality of communication service [45]. Therefore, the instantaneous exposure level is dependent on the amount of traffic that is flown on the tower-to-user equipment (UE) communication link [46], [47]. Differently from these works, our approach is based on the exposure assessment over longer time scales (e.g., dozens of minutes and/or hours).…”

Section: E Transmit Power Variationmentioning

confidence: 99%

How Much Exposure From 5G Towers Is Radiated Over Children, Teenagers, Schools and Hospitals?

Chiaraviglio

Lodovisi

Franci

et al. 2022

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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The rolling-out of 5G antennas over the territory is a fundamental step to provide 5G connectivity. However, little efforts have been done so far on the exposure assessment from 5G cellular towers over young people and "sensitive" buildings, like schools and medical centers. To face such issues, we provide a sound methodology for the numerical evaluation of 5G (and pre-5G) downlink exposure over children, teenagers, schools and medical centers. We then apply the proposed methodology over two real scenarios. Results reveal that the exposure from 5G cellular towers will increase in the forthcoming years, in parallel with the growth of the 5G adoption levels. However, the exposure levels are well below the maximum ones defined by international regulations. Moreover, the exposure over children and teenagers is similar to the one of the whole population, while the exposure over schools and medical centers can be lower than the one of the whole set of buildings. Finally, the exposure from 5G is strongly lower than the pre-5G one when the building attenuation is introduced and a maturity adoption level for 5G is assumed.

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Electromagnetic field exposure monitoring of commercial 28‐GHz band 5G base stations in Tokyo, Japan

Liu,

Tobita,

Onishi

et al. 2024

Bioelectromagnetics

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Fifth generation (5G) wireless communication is being rolled out around the world. In this work, the latest radio frequency electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure measurement results on commercial 28‐GHz band 5G base stations (BSs) deployed in the urban area of Tokyo, Japan, are presented. The measurements were conducted under realistic traffic conditions with a 5G smartphone and using both omnidirectional and horn antennas. First and foremost, in all cases, the electric‐field (E‐field) intensity is much lower (<−38 dB) than the exposure limits. The E‐field intensities for traffic‐off cases do not show any significant difference between the two antennas with the maximum being 3.6 dB. For traffic‐on cases, the omnidirectional antenna can undesirably capture the radio wave from the smartphone in some cases, resulting in a 7–13 dB higher E‐field intensity than that using the horn antenna. We also present comparative results between 4G long term evolution BSs and sub‐6‐GHz band and 28‐GHz band 5G BSs and provide recommendations on acquiring meaningful EMF exposure data. This work is a further step toward the standardization of the measurement method regarding quasi‐millimeter/millimeter wave 5G BSs.

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E-Field Strength Measurements of a 5G Base Station in 28 GHz Band for EMF Exposure Assessment

Cited by 8 publications

References 4 publications

EMF Exposure in 5G Standalone mm-Wave Deployments: What Is the Impact of Downlink Traffic?

EMF Exposure in 5G Standalone mm-Wave Deployments: What Is the Impact of Downlink Traffic?

How Much Exposure From 5G Towers Is Radiated Over Children, Teenagers, Schools and Hospitals?

Electromagnetic field exposure monitoring of commercial 28‐GHz band 5G base stations in Tokyo, Japan

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