E-Cigarettes Increase Candida albicans Growth and Modulate its Interaction with Gingival Epithelial Cells

Alanazi, Hanan; Semlali, Abdelhabib; Chmielewski, Witold; Rouabhia, Mahmoud

doi:10.3390/ijerph16020294

Cited by 33 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…Consequently, they presented different results and verified high levels of Candida in individuals with and without HIV who smoked when compared to the non-smoking HIV group [53]. Although the authors of the study did not hypothesize the cause of this reduction, several previous studies have shown that smoking is associated with greater colonization by Candida [97][98][99][100][101]. Li et al [47] and Vijendran et al [46] did not use nextgeneration sequencing techniques and identified several fungi in their studies besides Candida spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Oral mycobiome identification in atopic dermatitis, leukemia, and HIV patients – a systematic review

Sodré

Rodrigues

Vieira

et al. 2020

Journal of Oral Microbiology

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Introduction: Oral mycobiome profiling is important to understand host-pathogen interactions that occur in various diseases. Invasive fungal infections are particularly relevant for patients who have received chemotherapy and for those who have HIV infection. In addition, changes in fungal microbiota are associated with the worsening of chronic conditions like atopic dermatitis (AD). This work aims, through a systematic review, to analyze the methods used in previous studies to identify oral fungi and their most frequent species in patients with the following conditions: HIV infection, leukemia, and atopic dermatitis. Methods: A literature search was performed on several different databases. Inclusion criteria were: written in English or Portuguese; published between September 2009 and September 2019; analyzed oral fungi of HIV-infected, leukemia, or AD patients. Results: 21 studies were included and the most identified species was Candida. The predominant methods of identification were morphological (13/21) and sugar fermentation and assimilation tests (11/21). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was the most used molecular method (8/21) followed by sequencing techniques (3/21). Conclusions: Although morphological and biochemical tests are still used, they are associated with high-throughput sequencing techniques, due to their accuracy and time saving for profiling the predominant species in oral mycobiome.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Oral mycobiome identification in atopic dermatitis, leukemia, and HIV patients – a systematic review

Sodré

Rodrigues

Vieira

et al. 2020

Journal of Oral Microbiology

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“…E-cig vapor exposed C. albicans adhered better to epithelial cells than the control when they were in contact with gingival epithelial cells whereas indirect contact between e-cig-exposed C. albicans and gingival epithelial cells caused epithelial cell differentiation, reduced cell growth, and increased lactate dehydrogenase activity. Overall, results indicate that e-cig may interact with C. albicans to promote their pathogenesis, which may increase the risk of oral candidiasis in e-cig users [86].…”

Section: Studies On Other Effects Of Ends In the Oral Cavitymentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Candida albicans was the most commonly isolated oral yeast species in all groups and C. albicans carriage was significantly higher in cigarette smokers (p < 0.05), waterpipe-smokers (p < 0.05), and e-cig users (p < 0.05) than never-smokers [85]. An in vitro study showed that nicotine-rich e-cigs vapor exposure had a positive impact on C. albicans growth compared with nonexposed cultures [86]. Following exposure to e-cig vapor, C. albicans produced high levels of chitin and exhibited increased hyphal length and the expression of different virulent genes such as SAP2, SAP3, and SAP9, which are known to contribute to C. albicans growth and virulence.…”

Section: Studies On Other Effects Of Ends In the Oral Cavitymentioning

confidence: 89%

Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) and Their Relevance in Oral Health

Farsalinos

Poulas

2019

Toxics

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The number and popularity of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) and especially e-cigarettes (e-cigs) have been increasing in the last decade. Although ENDS owe their popularity to excluding the harmful chemicals that are present in tobacco smoke, there is a debate whether they are safe, regulated, and as harmless as they are assumed to be and have potential unknown long-term effects. Involvement of cigarette smoking to the progression of periodontal diseases, other adverse oral health outcomes, and its detrimental effects to oral health are well-described. ENDS producer companies claim that these products can improve oral health by providing alternatives to smoking. However, the effect of e-cigs on oral health is not fully understood and is still debated among many scientists and clinicians. The number of studies addressing the potential toxic effect of ENDS or e-cig aerosol on oral cells is limited along with the clinical studies which are still preliminary, and their sample size is limited. The long-term effects of inhaled aerosols and the potential synergistic effect of the e-cigs components are not known. It is essential and of utmost importance to determine whether exposure to ENDS aerosol contributes to the progression of periodontal diseases and how it affects periodontal ligament and gingival cells which are believed to be its first targets. This review briefly summarizes the available evidence about the effects of e-cigs on periodontal health including several pathophysiological events, such as oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammation, cellular senescence, dysregulated repair, and periodontal diseases.

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“…Moreover, studies are needed to characterize the oral mycobiome and to determine if ENDS users are colonized with potentially carcinogenic Candida strains. Interestingly, a recent in vitro study indicated that ENDS can induce the expression of C. albicans virulence factors such as SAP2, SAP3, and SAP9 genes [95]. The exact mechanism via which conventional tobacco cigarette smoking predisposes to OC development is yet to be definitively established, but a plausible theory suggests that the decreased salivary flow rate in cigarette smokers and, consequently, the lowered pH may result in an acidic environment that is likely to favor Candida colonization and growth [96].…”

Section: Smokingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Candidiasis: A Disease of Opportunity

Vila

Sultan

Montelongo-Jauregui

et al. 2020

JoF

244

241

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Oral candidiasis, commonly referred to as “thrush,” is an opportunistic fungal infection that commonly affects the oral mucosa. The main causative agent, Candida albicans, is a highly versatile commensal organism that is well adapted to its human host; however, changes in the host microenvironment can promote the transition from one of commensalism to pathogen. This transition is heavily reliant on an impressive repertoire of virulence factors, most notably cell surface adhesins, proteolytic enzymes, morphologic switching, and the development of drug resistance. In the oral cavity, the co-adhesion of C. albicans with bacteria is crucial for its persistence, and a wide range of synergistic interactions with various oral species were described to enhance colonization in the host. As a frequent colonizer of the oral mucosa, the host immune response in the oral cavity is oriented toward a more tolerogenic state and, therefore, local innate immune defenses play a central role in maintaining Candida in its commensal state. Specifically, in addition to preventing Candida adherence to epithelial cells, saliva is enriched with anti-candidal peptides, considered to be part of the host innate immunity. The T helper 17 (Th17)-type adaptive immune response is mainly involved in mucosal host defenses, controlling initial growth of Candida and inhibiting subsequent tissue invasion. Animal models, most notably the mouse model of oropharyngeal candidiasis and the rat model of denture stomatitis, are instrumental in our understanding of Candida virulence factors and the factors leading to host susceptibility to infections. Given the continuing rise in development of resistance to the limited number of traditional antifungal agents, novel therapeutic strategies are directed toward identifying bioactive compounds that target pathogenic mechanisms to prevent C. albicans transition from harmless commensal to pathogen.

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E-Cigarettes Increase Candida albicans Growth and Modulate its Interaction with Gingival Epithelial Cells

Cited by 33 publications

References 42 publications

Oral mycobiome identification in atopic dermatitis, leukemia, and HIV patients – a systematic review

Oral mycobiome identification in atopic dermatitis, leukemia, and HIV patients – a systematic review

Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) and Their Relevance in Oral Health

Oral Candidiasis: A Disease of Opportunity

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