Abstract:The cranial neural crest (CNC) is a highly motile and multipotent embryonic cell population, which migrates directionally on defined routes throughout the embryo, contributing to facial structures including cartilage, bone and ganglia. Cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion is known to play a crucial role in the directional migration of CNC cells. However, migrating CNC co-express different cadherin subtypes, and their individual roles have yet to be fully explored. In previous studies, the expression of individ… Show more
“…This allows the isolation of a population of CNC free of any neural, placodal, ectodermal or mesodermal contaminants hours before they migrate. The purity of these explants has been ascertained by in situ hybridization (Alfandari et al, 2003) and qRT-PCR (Huang et al, 2016). Incidentally, these explants can also be performed at the post-migratory stage (Huang et al, 2016) (H. Cousin, unpublished observations).…”
Section: Xenopus Cranial Neural Crestmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The purity of these explants has been ascertained by in situ hybridization (Alfandari et al, 2003) and qRT-PCR (Huang et al, 2016). Incidentally, these explants can also be performed at the post-migratory stage (Huang et al, 2016) (H. Cousin, unpublished observations). Another advantage of the Xenopus system is that the geometry of their embryos makes them amenable to time-lapse imaging in vivo .…”
Section: Xenopus Cranial Neural Crestmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…While the downregulation of E-cadherin and the up-regulation of N-cadherin is often used as an indicator of EMT, data are accumulating showing that this downregulation may not be strictly required for the acquisition of cell motility, at least in some instances such as mesoderm ingression or the metastasis of certain types of cancer (discussed below). New findings by Huang and colleagues show that in CNC, E-cadherin protein function may in fact be required for cell migration and we will discuss their results in the last section of this review (Huang et al, 2016). …”
Section: Overview Of Cadherin Function During Cnc Migrationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The neural crest studies done so far, performed in majority on trunk neural crest inferred that the “swap” between E and N-cadherin is employed to initiate their migration. However, the data recently accumulated on the CNC in chick, mouse and now Xenopus seems to indicate that a remnant of E-cadherin is still present in these CNC and may have a physiological role to play during their migration (Dady et al, 2012; Huang et al, 2016; Lee et al, 2013). It implies that the cadherin switch in that case fit with the model of a rheostat.…”
Section: E-cadherin Versus N-cadherin: Switch or Change In Function?mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This is understandable as the authors did not expect to have any expression of E-cadherin in migrating CNC and were therefore using the gain of function approach in the migrating CNC stages. Huang and colleagues have furthered the investigation of E-cadherin role during CNC migration (Huang et al, 2016). …”
Section: E-cadherin Versus N-cadherin: Switch or Change In Function?mentioning
Collective cell migration is a process whereby cells move while keeping contact with other cells. The Xenopus Cranial Neural Crest (CNC) is a population of cells that emerge during early embryogenesis and undergo extensive migration from the dorsal to ventral part of the embryo’s head. These cells migrate collectively and require cadherin mediated cell-cell contact. In this review, we will describe the key features of Xenopus CNC migration including the key molecules driving their migration. We will also review the role of the various cadherins during Xenopus CNC emergence and migration. Lastly, we will discuss the recent and seemingly controversial findings showing that E-cadherin presence is essential for CNC migration.
“…This allows the isolation of a population of CNC free of any neural, placodal, ectodermal or mesodermal contaminants hours before they migrate. The purity of these explants has been ascertained by in situ hybridization (Alfandari et al, 2003) and qRT-PCR (Huang et al, 2016). Incidentally, these explants can also be performed at the post-migratory stage (Huang et al, 2016) (H. Cousin, unpublished observations).…”
Section: Xenopus Cranial Neural Crestmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The purity of these explants has been ascertained by in situ hybridization (Alfandari et al, 2003) and qRT-PCR (Huang et al, 2016). Incidentally, these explants can also be performed at the post-migratory stage (Huang et al, 2016) (H. Cousin, unpublished observations). Another advantage of the Xenopus system is that the geometry of their embryos makes them amenable to time-lapse imaging in vivo .…”
Section: Xenopus Cranial Neural Crestmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…While the downregulation of E-cadherin and the up-regulation of N-cadherin is often used as an indicator of EMT, data are accumulating showing that this downregulation may not be strictly required for the acquisition of cell motility, at least in some instances such as mesoderm ingression or the metastasis of certain types of cancer (discussed below). New findings by Huang and colleagues show that in CNC, E-cadherin protein function may in fact be required for cell migration and we will discuss their results in the last section of this review (Huang et al, 2016). …”
Section: Overview Of Cadherin Function During Cnc Migrationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The neural crest studies done so far, performed in majority on trunk neural crest inferred that the “swap” between E and N-cadherin is employed to initiate their migration. However, the data recently accumulated on the CNC in chick, mouse and now Xenopus seems to indicate that a remnant of E-cadherin is still present in these CNC and may have a physiological role to play during their migration (Dady et al, 2012; Huang et al, 2016; Lee et al, 2013). It implies that the cadherin switch in that case fit with the model of a rheostat.…”
Section: E-cadherin Versus N-cadherin: Switch or Change In Function?mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This is understandable as the authors did not expect to have any expression of E-cadherin in migrating CNC and were therefore using the gain of function approach in the migrating CNC stages. Huang and colleagues have furthered the investigation of E-cadherin role during CNC migration (Huang et al, 2016). …”
Section: E-cadherin Versus N-cadherin: Switch or Change In Function?mentioning
Collective cell migration is a process whereby cells move while keeping contact with other cells. The Xenopus Cranial Neural Crest (CNC) is a population of cells that emerge during early embryogenesis and undergo extensive migration from the dorsal to ventral part of the embryo’s head. These cells migrate collectively and require cadherin mediated cell-cell contact. In this review, we will describe the key features of Xenopus CNC migration including the key molecules driving their migration. We will also review the role of the various cadherins during Xenopus CNC emergence and migration. Lastly, we will discuss the recent and seemingly controversial findings showing that E-cadherin presence is essential for CNC migration.
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