Dyslipidaemia, combined oral contraceptives use and their interaction on the risk of hypertension in Chinese women

Abstract

The objective of the study was to assess the associations of dyslipidaemia, combined oral contraceptive (COC) use and their interaction on the risk of hypertension in Chinese women. In a case-control study, we evaluated 665 hypertensive women and 665 normotensive women matched on region and age in China. Hypertensive women had a higher prevalence of dyslipidaemia and higher levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and lipoprotein a than normotensive ones (Po0.05). The risk of hypertension gradually increased with the increasing cumulative time of COC use in women (P ¼ 0.0043), especially significantly increased among those with cumulative time of COC use15-20 and X20 years (adjusted odds ratio (OR) ¼ 1.46, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.00-2.15; OR ¼ 1.49, 95% CI: 1.06-2.11), but gradually decreased from stopping use of COC (Po0.0001). The multiplicative interaction between dyslipidaemia and accumulative time of COC use X15 years, dyslipidaemia and family history of hypertension, or family history of hypertension and accumulative time of COC use X15 years was confirmed and the interaction analyses showed that they can significantly increased the risk of hypertension (adjusted OR ¼ 2.82, 95% CI: 1.59-3.27; OR ¼ 4.33, 95% CI: 3.10-6.06; OR ¼ 4.56, 95% CI: 3.07-6.77). It is concluded that dyslipidaemia, accumulative time of COC use X15 years and their interaction increased the risk of hypertension.

Associations between oral contraceptive use and risks of hypertension and prehypertension in a cross-sectional study of Korean women

“…However, no significant increase was observed among women who had used OC use for less than 2 years in the odds of hypertension, prehypertension, or prehypertension + hypertension. Although the cumulative time of OC use shown to produce an increased odds of hypertension varies by study, long-term effects of OC use on hypertension have been confirmed in many studies [7,11,12]. Prehypertension is a precursor of clinical hypertension and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease [28,29].…”

“…Hypertension contributes to more excess deaths in women than does any other preventable cardiovascular disease risk factor. It is considered a complex-trait disease resulting from interactions between genetic and environmental factors, including oral contraceptive (OC) use [6,7]. …”

“…In Korea, most OCs contain 20–40 mg ethinyl estradiol as the estrogen component in addition to a progestin component. Although the incidence of OC-induced adverse effects is thought to be much lower now with the newer generation of preparations, which contain lower doses of estradiol, OC use is still known to contribute to adverse health effects, including hypertension [7,9,10]. …”

“…OCs has been reported to cause alterations in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and the prevalence of hypertension in various study designs with short- and long-term administration [7,11,12]. However, findings from epidemiological studies of the association between OCs and hypertension have been less consistent; according to the population studied, different levels of SBP and DBP have been reported following the administration of OCs.…”

Ameliorating Effect of Ganoderma lucidum on Combined Oral Contraceptive-induced Cardiometabolic Syndrome in Female Guinea Pigs

“…The use of combined oral contraceptives (COC), has been associated with increased prevalence of obesity and cardiometabolic disturbances [7,8], increase in body weight has often been stated by women as the major reason for discontinuing the use of COC [9].…”