Dysbiosis signature of mycobiota in colon polyp and colorectal cancer

Abstract

Microbiota refers to a colony of microorganisms, and they are found in all multicellular organisms. This colony plays a major role in both the physiology and disease of the organism it inhabits. Much attention has been paid to host-microbiota interactions, but there has been little investigation on its role in carcinogenesis. In this study, we characterized a fecal mycobiota, also known as fungal signature, for the first time with 131 subjects, comprising polyp and colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, as well as a healthy control population. The data obtained were analyzed to assess the biodiversity and composition of the fungi. The impacts of anatomic position and tumor stage on the mycobiota were also evaluated. Correlations between fungi were investigated using the Spearman test. We observed fungal dysbiosis in colon polyps and CRC, including decreased diversity in polyp patients, an increased Ascomycota/Basidiomycota ratio, and an increased proportion of opportunistic fungi Trichosporon and Malassezia, which might favor the progression of CRC. Subsequent analysis with regard to tumor stage demonstrated a lower diversity and significant mycobiota alteration in early-stage tumors. Finally, the fungal correlation showed a close relationship within the community and concomitantly revealed a dramatically structured discrepancy in each clinical phenotype. In conclusion, our study has uncovered a distinct fungal dysbiosis and an alteration in the fungal network, which could play important roles in polyp and CRC pathogenesis.

Mycobiome in the Gut: A Multiperspective Review

“…On the other hand, fungal dysbiosis is observed in patients with colorectal cancers and polyps. Additionally, the authors demonstrated that an increase in the Ascomycota/Basidiomycota ratio accompanied with the expansion of opportunistic fungi Trichosporon and Malassezia populations may facilitate the progression of colorectal cancer [110]. Similarly, Coker et al reported fungal dysbiosis in patients with colorectal cancer.…”

“…Additionally, whether a disruption in bacteria microbiota causes a skewed commensal mycobiota profile in IBS remains a question. Mediators of Inflammation Crohn's disease (CD) (i) Fungal dysbiosis is closely related to CD in most of the conducted studies [9,47,84,[101][102][103] (ii) Interkingdom interaction between fungal and bacteria was observed [9,47] Inflammatory bowel syndrome (IBS) -(i) Fungal dybiosis, predominant by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans in IBS patients [51] Cancers Colorectal cancer (i) Fungal dysbiosis is observed in most of the reported studies [109][110][111][112] Infectious diseases Hepatitis B (i) High levels of Aspergillus, Candida, Galactomyces, Saccharomyces, and Chaetomium were identified [11] (ii) Richness and diversity of fungal species is associated with chronic HBV infection HIV (i) C. parvum, C. difficile, and C. albicans are significantly present in HIV-seropositive patients [114] (ii) C. albicans, C. krusei, and C. tropicalis were associated with diarrhea in HIV patients [115] (iii) Fungal dysbiosis and high prevalence of Candida species were observed in HIV patients [116] (iv) Prevalence of Candida in HIV patients without antiretroviral treatment was higher than HIV patients with active antiretroviral treatment [117] Noncommunicable diseases Obesity (i) Candida, Nakaseomyces, and Penicillium genera were commonly identified in obese subjects [119] (ii) Mucor racemosus and M. fuscus were identified in nonobese patients.…”

WITHDRAWN: Fecal Enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis-Peptostreptococcus stomatis-Parvimonas micra Biomarker for Noninvasive Diagnosis and Prognosis of Colorectal Laterally Spreading Tumor

“…The increasing number of studies provide a rich source for developing fecal microbial markers for CRC diagnosis. Existing studies have utilized the abundance of multiple bacterial, viral, fungal species to distinguish patients with CRC from healthy individuals and these studies exerted fairly high sensitivity and speci city (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17). Apart from their diagnostic potential, associations between bacterial biomarkers and clinical outcomes of CRC have raised the possibility of using them as prognostic markers.…”

Characterizing the Human Mycobiota: A Comparison of Small Subunit rRNA, ITS1, ITS2, and Large Subunit rRNA Genomic Targets

“…This was further supported in a later study by Tedersoo et al (2015) , highlighting ITS2 in particular as the strongest candidate. Nonetheless, an array of marker targets have been used in human microbiota studies, including both ITS regions ( Ghannoum et al, 2010 ; Charlson et al, 2012 ; Delhaes et al, 2012 ; Findley et al, 2013 ; Bittinger et al, 2014 ; Dupuy et al, 2014 ; Wang X. et al, 2014 ; Willger et al, 2014 ; Hoarau et al, 2016 ; Liguori et al, 2016 ; Strati et al, 2016 ; Botschuijver et al, 2017 ; Gao et al, 2017 ; Hamad et al, 2017 ; Huseyin et al, 2017 ; Motooka et al, 2017 ; Schei et al, 2017 ; Zhao et al, 2017 ) as well as SSU ( Aurora et al, 2013 ; van Woerden et al, 2013 ; Cleland et al, 2014 ; Li et al, 2014 ) and LSU ( Zhang et al, 2011 ; Park et al, 2012 ). The use of different methodological approaches makes meaningful comparisons between studies difficult, and it is unclear whether observed differences are genuine (e.g., due to geographical influences affecting the fungal exposure of different populations) or simply biases associated with different methods.…”