Dysbiosis of saliva microbiome in patients with oral lichen planus

Abstract

Background: Oral microbiota is not only important for maintaining oral health but also plays a role in various oral diseases. However, studies regarding microbiome changes in oral lichen planus (OLP) are very limited. To the best of our knowledge, there has been only two studies investigating salivary microbiome changes in OLP. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the characteristic microbial profile in the saliva of OLP patients, with or without erosive lesions, and compare that with recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU), a common oral immunological disorder that also shows multiple erosive/ulcerative lesions. Whole saliva samples were collected from 20 patients with OLP (erosive E, n = 10 and non-erosive NE, n = 10), 10 patients with RAU (U) and 10 healthy controls (C). DNA was extracted from the saliva samples, and the 16S rDNA gene V4 hypervariable region was analyzed using Illumina sequencing. Results: We obtained 4949 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from the V4 region in all saliva samples. Community composition analysis showed a clear decreased relative abundance of genera Streptococcus and Sphingomonas in saliva from RAU patients when compared to the other three groups. Relative abundance of Lautropia and Gemella were higher in E group, whereas relative abundance of Haemophilus and Neisseria were higher in NE group when compared to C group. Abiotrophia and Oribacterium were higher in OLP (combining E and NE groups), while Eikenella and Aggregatibacter were lower when compared to C group. There was statistically significance in α-diversity between E and RAU groups(p < 0.05). Significant differences in β-diversity were detected in bacteria between E and C; NE and C; as well as E and NE groups. The LDA effect size algorithm identified the g_Haemophilus might be the potential biomarker in NE group. Conclusions: We found that salivary microbiome in erosive OLP was significantly different from that found in RAU; and these changes may be related to the underlying disease process rather than presence of ulcerative/erosive lesions clinically. In addition, our findings in bacterial relative abundance in OLP were significantly different from the previously reported findings, which points to the need for further research in salivary microbiome of OLP.

Helicobacter Pylori Infection Increases the Incidence of Erosive Oral Lichen Planus and Alters the Oral Microbiome Composition

“…Recent studies have demonstrated that the oral microbiome composition in patients with OLP is different from that in normal control individuals [20][21][22]. Consistent with the ndings of previous studies, this study demonstrated that the salivary microbiome composition in patients with OLP was signi cantly different from that in normal control individuals.…”

“…Previous studies have demonstrated that the oral microbiome composition in patients with OLP was different from that in normal control individuals [20][21][22]. This study demonstrated that the α diversity of oral microbiota in the OLP group was signi cantly higher than that in the NC group ( Fig.1A and B).…”

A Clinic Trial Evaluating the Effects of Aloe Vera Fermentation Gel on Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis

“…The decreased Haemophilus and Neisseria and increased Actinomyces , Granulicatella , and Peptostreptococcus in the PC group and normalised abundances in the AA group demonstrated that aloe vera fermentation gel had benefits in the maintenance of microbial compositions [ 32 ]. Additionally, the decreased Haemophilus and Nesseria correlated the results of a previous study showing that decreased Proteobacteria, containing Haemophilus and Nesseria , is related to oral diseases such as gingivitis and cancer [ 33 – 36 ]. Actinomyces has long been recognised as a causative agent of actinomycosis as it increases the pathogenicity by attacking broken or necrotic tissues and is related to the incidence of RAS, with high abundance indicating poor prognosis for RAS [ 37 , 38 ].…”

Crosstalk between the oral microbiota, mucosal immunity, and the epithelial barrier regulates oral mucosal disease pathogenesis

“…different types of diseases [13][14][15][16] and changes during disease progression, 14,[17][18][19] suggesting that key causal pathogens may exist in various oral lesions. However, the role of the oral microbiota in inducing or progressing oral pathologies has not been thoroughly characterized.…”