Dynamics of the Eye and Head during Movement between Displays: A Qualitative and Quantitative Guide for Designers

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to provide a designer or systems analyst a guide to human performance limitations in vision when fixation must be redirected from one display to another. The focus is on large angular separation (greater than 20 deg) and on tasks wherein speed is of importance. Patterns of eye and head movements are shown, as well as quantitative data on saccades, periods of eyelhead compensation, and head movement. Independent variables include interdisplay angle, display visibility, operator's knowledge of display location, and some relevant characteristics of a possible task which must be interrupted for the refixation. Intersubject and intrasubject variability are also presented.

Gaze-Contingent Multiresolutional Displays: An Integrative Review

“…During normal vision, one simply points the fovea at whatever is of interest (i.e., the A-AOI) in order to obtain high-resolution information whenever needed. For small movements (e.g., under 20°) only the eyes tend to move, but as movements become larger, the head moves as well (Guitton & Volle, 1987;Robinson, 1979). This suggests that, in most GCMRD applications, eye tracking methods that are independent from, or compensate for, head movements are necessary to align the D-AOI of a multi-resolutional display with the point of gaze.…”

“…However, it is clearly worse in terms of resolution, accuracy and speed of the D-AOI placement. This is because for gaze movements to targets closer than 20°, head movements often do not occur (Guitton & Volle, 1987;Robinson, 1979). Thus, with a headcontingent D-AOI, if the gaze is moved to a target within 20° eccentricity, the eyes will move but the head may not, nor, consequently, will the D-AOI.…”

Visual Exploration of Eye Movement Data Using the Space-Time-Cube

“…In this context, 'old' means that many typical evaluation studies supported by eye movement recording and analysis in other disciplines could also be used for geovisualization. Such studies exist, for example, in computer interface evaluation [6,19,20,21,22], human computer interaction (HCI) usability testing [7,23,24,25] and cognitive processing [20,26,27]. Early eye movement studies in geovisualization were driven by cartographic research questions [3,28].…”

Recommendations for Knowledge Desk Configurations for U.S. Navy Fleet Command Centers

“…Too much information presented simultaneously may increase cognitive load (Sweller, 1988) associated with a cluttered visual environment. Increasing the amount of available screen space puts some information in the user's visual periphery, increasing the number and size of required eye, head, and mouse movements (Fitts, 1954;Gillan et al, 1990;Robinson, 1979;Whisenand and Emurian, 1999). In its "widest" configuration (i.e., at least three monitors are active^), information at the centers of the peripheral monitors of the K-Desk can be separated by 52° (60° separates information on the two farthest ends of the K-Desk).…”

“…Previous research has suggested that looking at a target a small distance away from center (20° to 30°) usually involves a single, discrete eye movement. However, viewing information that is more than 30° in the periphery requires additional eye and, sometimes, head movements (Robinson, 1979), each of which contributes additional motor programming and movement time. Mouse movement times increase as the distance to the target increases, even for very short (4° or more) distances (Whisenand and Emurian, 1999).…”