Dynamics of Insect Toxicology—A Mathematical and Graphical Evaluation of the Relationship Between Insect Toxicity and Rates of Penetration and Detoxication of Insecticides1

Sun, Yun-Pei

doi:10.1093/jee/61.4.949

Cited by 25 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…The estimated penetration rate constants from the present study (Table 4) supported previous observations of higher values for organophosphates than for chlorinated insecticides. 5 No regurgitation was observed following dieldrin treatment. However, regurgitation and writhing of larvae 30 min after treatment with the higher dose of teÑuthrin was correlated with an increased level of teÑuthrin in the bottle and body washes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Insecticide Penetration and Symptomology Studies on Larvae ofDiabrotica undecimpunctata howardi(Barber)

Michaelides¹,

Wright²

1997

Pestic. Sci.

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: The internal and external levels of topically applied soil insecticides, teÑuthrin, terbufos and dieldrin, to 3rd-instar larvae of the southern corn rootworm, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi (Barber), were monitored over 48 h. Symptomology of poisoning with 10 times the dose of the larval 72-h for LD 90 each chemical was observed over 48 h at various time points after treatment. Terbufos penetrated more rapidly than teÑuthrin or dieldrin, although internal levels of teÑuthrin and dieldrin had a longer-lasting plateau than terbufos. A 72-h treatment with teÑuthrin resulted in faster penetration and also faster dis-LD 30 appearance from the insect compared with the 10 ] 72-h dose over a 48-h LD 90 period. Recorded symptoms of poisoning included regurgitation of gut contents, defaecation and writhing and these are suggested to play an important part in voiding of the toxicants at lower (sub-lethal) treatment levels. The sub-lethal e †ects of teÑuthrin are discussed with respect to likely pest behavioural changes, such as anorectic response, after Ðeld treatment of a crop.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Insecticide Penetration and Symptomology Studies on Larvae ofDiabrotica undecimpunctata howardi(Barber)

Michaelides¹,

Wright²

1997

Pestic. Sci.

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“…Synergists have been used analytically to delineate the relative importance of penetration, detoxification, and target site insensitivity in resistance (43) and to quantify the potential toxicity of a compound by removing interfering metabolic processes (44). By comparing the relative degree of synergism toward a group of structurally related insecticides, the site of enzymatic attack may be revealed (45).…”

Section: Resistance Evolution and Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insecticide Resistance: Challenge to Pest Management and Basic Research

Brattsten

Holyoke

Leeper

et al. 1986

Science

255

152

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The agricultural use of synthetic insecticides usually protects crops but imposes strong selection pressures that can result in the development of resistance. The most important resistance mechanisms are enhancement of the capacity to metabolically detoxify insecticides and alterations in target sites that prevent insecticides from binding to them. Insect control methods must incorporate strategies to minimize resistance development and preserve the utility of the insecticides. The most promising approach, integrated pest management, includes the use of chemical insecticides in combination with improved cultural and biologically based techniques.

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“…diazinon is activated to diazoxon, and some cyclodienes are converted to their epoxide (Brooks, 1966). Other possible reactions include excretion and storage, and the probability of death must depend on the balance between these processes (Nelson, 1961 ;Sun, 1968).…”

Section: F Moriartymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Sublethal Effects of Synthetic Insecticides on Insects

Moriarty

1969

Biological Reviews

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Summary The synthetic insecticides have been used in steadily increasing quantities since the Second World War and are non‐specific poisons, and so pose the possibility of sublethal effects on wild populations of animals. The organochlorine insecticides in general, and some of the cyclodienes in particular, are usually much more persistent than the organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides, both in the environment and within individual insects. Analyses of samples suggest that traces of the organochlorines are widely dispersed over the entire globe. Although the evidence is incomplete, all of these synthetic insecticides appear to exert their primary toxic lesion by interference with the conduction of impulses in the nervous system. The complete pattern of events that ends in death includes the release of secondary toxins into the blood. These are probably physiologically active compounds, normally present, but liberated in excessive amounts by excessive nervous stimulation. A condition similar to the late, paralytic, stage of insecticidal poisoning can also be produced, in Periplaneta americana, by excessive physical stimulation and there are similarities in the physiological changes caused by both types of stimuli. This suggests that a generalized stress syndrome develops after excessive nervous stimulation. However, this similarity has so far only been demonstrated for this one insect species. Sublethal effects have so far only been looked for cursorily. Interpretation of sublethal effects is sometimes difficult; apparent differences between dosed and control individuals may sometimes be caused by selective mortality of the dosed individuals. Four main types of effect have been found. Latent toxicity, which is evident as a reduction of longevity or of death at particular developmental stages, has been found only with organochlorines, appears to be linked with fat metabolism, and shows clearly that sublethal effects may be produced a long time after acquiring a dose of a persistent insecticide. All types of synthetic insecticide can affect reproductive potential, and may increase or decrease the number of eggs produced. Egg fertility or development of offspring may also be affected. Reductions are sometimes caused directly by inhibition or distortion of ovary development, sometimes indirectly by reduced feeding. The few studies on behaviour have shown that activity may increase, feeding decrease, and the acceptance threshold of sucrose be lowered. DDT induces the formation of more detoxifying microsomal enzyme in Triatoma infestans. I suggest that latent toxicity and some behavioural changes are probably caused by direct effects on the nervous system, but that some of the other results may be secondary effects associated with the stress syndrome. There is also the possibility of direct insecticidal action on other systems. It is a pleasure to thank our librarian, Mrs Jean King, for her unfailing help in tracing references.

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Dynamics of Insect Toxicology—A Mathematical and Graphical Evaluation of the Relationship Between Insect Toxicity and Rates of Penetration and Detoxication of Insecticides1

Cited by 25 publications

References 0 publications

Insecticide Penetration and Symptomology Studies on Larvae ofDiabrotica undecimpunctata howardi(Barber)

Insecticide Penetration and Symptomology Studies on Larvae ofDiabrotica undecimpunctata howardi(Barber)

Insecticide Resistance: Challenge to Pest Management and Basic Research

The Sublethal Effects of Synthetic Insecticides on Insects

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