Dynamics of Drop Formation in an Electric Field

Notz, Patrick; Kim, J. S.; Basaran, Osman A.

doi:10.1006/jcis.1999.6136

Cited by 119 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 53 publications

(76 reference statements)

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“…(1) is performed with a modified pressure that incorporates an additional term proportional to 1 2 E 2 deriving from the second term in eqn. (4). The drop evolution shown in fig.…”

Section: Illustrative Examplementioning

confidence: 94%

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Numerical simulation of the deformation of charged drops of electrolyte

Davidson¹,

Berry²,

Harvie³

2014

Advances in Fluid Mechanics X

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The volume-of-fluid based numerical method of Berry et al. (J. Computational Physics, 251, pp. 209-222, 2013), for predicting electrokinetic flow of multiphase flow with deformable interfaces, is extended to account for the effect of interfacial charge. The numerical representation of interfacial charge is validated using two simple test cases. Finally, the use of the extended algorithm is demonstrated by simulating the breakup of an unstable charged water drop in air.

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“…(1) is performed with a modified pressure that incorporates an additional term proportional to 1 2 E 2 deriving from the second term in eqn. (4). The drop evolution shown in fig.…”

Section: Illustrative Examplementioning

confidence: 94%

“…Over the last 25 years, numerical methods have been used increasingly to analyse aspects of the problem based on such assumptions. Techniques have included the boundary integral [3], finite element [4], front tracking [5], level-set (LS) [6], and volume-of-fluid (VOF) [7] methods.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical simulation of the deformation of charged drops of electrolyte

Davidson¹,

Berry²,

Harvie³

2014

Advances in Fluid Mechanics X

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“…Studies of the dynamics of drop formation and evolution under the application of an electric field date back to the early works of Rayleigh, 1 Zeleny, 2 and Taylor, 3 continuing all the way through the present. 4,5 The utility of producing droplets of a specific charge under the application of an electric field has been demonstrated on numerous occasions since the initial development of ink jet printing technologies. [6][7][8] These early devices utilized Rayleigh instabilities 9 for capillary stream breakup and droplet production.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Droplet charging regimes for ultrasonic atomization of a liquid electrolyte in an external electric field

2011

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Distinct regimes of droplet charging, determined by the dominant charge transport process, are identified for an ultrasonic droplet ejector using electrohydrodynamic computational simulations, a fundamental scale analysis, and experimental measurements. The regimes of droplet charging are determined by the relative magnitudes of the dimensionless Strouhal and electric Reynolds numbers, which are a function of the process ͑pressure forcing͒, advection, and charge relaxation time scales for charge transport. Optimal ͑net maximum͒ droplet charging has been identified to exist for conditions in which the electric Reynolds number is of the order of the inverse Strouhal number, i.e., the charge relaxation time is on the order of the pressure forcing ͑droplet formation͒ time scale. The conditions necessary for optimal droplet charging have been identified as a function of the dimensionless Debye number ͑i.e., liquid conductivity͒, external electric field ͑magnitude and duration͒, and atomization drive signal ͑frequency and amplitude͒. The specific regime of droplet charging also determines the functional relationship between droplet charge and charging electric field strength. The commonly expected linear relationship between droplet charge and external electric field strength is only found when either the inverse of the Strouhal number is less than the electric Reynolds number, i.e., the charge relaxation is slower than both the advection and external pressure forcing, or in the electrostatic limit, i.e., when charge relaxation is much faster than all other processes. The analysis provides a basic understanding of the dominant physics of droplet charging with implications to many important applications, such as electrospray mass spectrometry, ink jet printing, and drop-on-demand manufacturing.

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“…6 At lower electric fields (applied voltages) an "enhanced dripping" mode occurs, where the drops remain approximately the size of the emitter, but the electric field acts to increase the frequency of individually emitted droplets whilst decreasing their size. 7,8 At higher electric field strength, intermittent cone like apices are formed; defined as the pulsation cone-jet regime. 9,10 The charge accumulates on the liquid surface, with a resulting tangential stress leading to a cyclical emission of charged droplets substantially smaller than the emitter diameter.…”

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confidence: 99%

The flow rate sensitivity to voltage across four electrospray modes

Ryan

Smith

Stark

2014

Applied Physics Letters

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The influence of potential difference on the emitted flow rate across four modes of electrospray is described for an unrestricted electrospray system. The modes are those most commonly occurring; enhanced dripping, pulsation, cone-jet, and multi-jet. It is demonstrated that within three of these modes, the effect of voltage on flow rate is generally linear, with similar magnitude of gradient across all. The effect is demonstrated to be calculable across these three modes. This finding highlights that in the absence of any flow control mechanism, the influence of electrostatic pressure in driving the flow is the key process in voltage-driven electrospray. V C 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.

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Dynamics of Drop Formation in an Electric Field

Cited by 119 publications

References 53 publications

Numerical simulation of the deformation of charged drops of electrolyte

Numerical simulation of the deformation of charged drops of electrolyte

Droplet charging regimes for ultrasonic atomization of a liquid electrolyte in an external electric field

The flow rate sensitivity to voltage across four electrospray modes

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