Dynamic succession of substrate-associated bacterial composition and function duringGanoderma lucidumgrowth

Abstract

BackgroundGanoderma lucidum, a valuable medicinal fungus, is widely distributed in China. It grows alongside with a complex microbial ecosystem in the substrate. As sequencing technology advances, it is possible to reveal the composition and functions of substrate-associated bacterial communities.MethodsWe analyzed the bacterial community dynamics in the substrate during the four typical growth stages of G. lucidum using next-generation sequencing.ResultsThe physicochemical properties of the substrate (e.g. acidity, moisture, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and total potassium) changed between different growth stages. A total of 598,771 sequences from 12 samples were obtained and assigned to 22 bacterial phyla. Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the dominant phyla. Bacterial community composition and diversity significantly differed between the elongation stage and the other three growth stages. LEfSe analysis revealed a large number of bacterial taxa (e.g. Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria and Nitrospirae) with significantly higher abundance at the elongation stage. Functional pathway prediction uncovered significant abundance changes of a number of bacterial functional pathways between the elongation stage and other growth stages. At the elongation stage, the abundance of the environmental information processing pathway (mainly membrane transport) decreased, whereas that of the metabolism-related pathways increased.DiscussionThe changes in bacterial community composition, diversity and predicted functions were most likely related to the changes in the moisture and nutrient conditions in the substrate with the growth of G. lucidum, particularly at the elongation stage. Our findings shed light on the G. lucidum-bacteria-substrate relationships, which should facilitate the industrial cultivation of G. lucidum.

Bacterial Profiling and Dynamic Succession Analysis of Phlebopus portentosus Casing Soil Using MiSeq Sequencing

“…DNA extractions from the substrate and casing soil were conducted using a commercial PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit (MoBio Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. The primer pair 338F/806R was used to amplify the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene (Zhang et al, 2018). A 6 bp-barcode was added to the 5′ end of the forward and reverse primers for discriminating different samples.…”

Potential crosstalk of oxidative stress and immune response in poultry through phytochemicals — A review

“…In the Chinese history, it’s called “lingzhi” that symbolizes its essence of immortality [ 61 ]. Recent scientific research has supported the ancient claims of its spiritual health benefits as its pharmacological effects include antioxidant, anti-inflammation, antibacterial, and immunomodulatory actions which are mainly derived from their active components like polysaccharides and triterpenes [ 61 – 63 ]. Since Aflatoxin is considered one of the most rampant mycotoxins in the poultry production, several literatures have used AFB1, a pro-oxidant agent of Aflatoxins, to generate oxidative stress and immune suppression to investigate the ameliorating effects exerted by dietary supplementation of G. lucidum .…”

The effect of Ganoderma lucidum spore oil in early skin wound healing: interactions of skin microbiota and inflammation

“…Karst (also known as Reishi or Lingzhi) has been one of the most intriguing traditional Chinese medicines for more than 2000 years and is documented by the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and Dietary Supplement Code of the United States Pharmacopoeia [ 8 , 9 ]. The growth stages of G. lucidum include mycelium, fruit body and spore [ 10 ]. The fruit body of G. lucidum is the only part used for medical purposes in traditional therapy and has immunoenhancing and anti-inflammatory properties [ 11 , 12 ].…”