Dynamic Pacing Strategies during the Cycle Phase of an Ironman Triathlon

Abbiss, Chris R.; Quod, Marc; Martin, David T.; Netto, Kevin; Nosaka, Kazunori; Lee, Hamilton; Surriano, Rob; Bishop, David; Laursen, Paul B.

doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000210202.33070.55

Cited by 58 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…2,7,[20][21][22] Furthermore, few studies have considered the pacing of multiple-lap events. Abbiss et al 15 reported a significant decrease in power output, cadence, and speed during the 3-lap cycling phase of an Ironman triathlon, demonstrating a positive pacing strategy. During the shorter cycling phase of an Olympic triathlon, a significant decrease in power output and velocity has also been observed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Keywords: off-road cycling, multiple laps, terrain, teleoanticipation, self-paced exercise variation in power output as mean power decreased as the cycle phase progressed, whereas in the Ironman distance, Abbiss et al 15 reported that the high degree of oscillation in power output for each lap was maintained even though performance time increased for each lap. The maintenance of high intralap variation was thought to be evidence of a nonlinear dynamic pacing strategy.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The maintenance of high intralap variation was thought to be evidence of a nonlinear dynamic pacing strategy. 15 Cross-country mountain-bike racing has been described as a mass-start endurance event consisting of repeat laps of an off-road circuit. 16 Racing in an unstable environment with frequent changes in surface and gradient requires a high degree of technical competency.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Even Between-Lap Pacing Despite High Within-Lap Variation During Mountain Biking

Martin

Lambeth-Mansell

Azevedo

et al. 2012

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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Purpose:Given the paucity of research on pacing strategies during competitive events, this study examined changes in dynamic high-resolution performance parameters to analyze pacing profiles during a multiple-lap mountain-bike race over variable terrain.Methods:A global-positioning-system (GPS) unit (Garmin, Edge 305, USA) recorded velocity (m/s), distance (m), elevation (m), and heart rate at 1 Hz from 6 mountain-bike riders (mean ± SD age = 27.2 ± 5.0 y, stature = 176.8 ± 8.1 cm, mass = 76.3 ± 11.7 kg, VO2max = 55.1 ± 6.0 mL · kg−1 . min−1) competing in a multilap race. Lap-by-lap (interlap) pacing was analyzed using a 1-way ANOVA for mean time and mean velocity. Velocity data were averaged every 100 m and plotted against race distance and elevation to observe the presence of intralap variation.Results:There was no significant difference in lap times (P = .99) or lap velocity (P = .65) across the 5 laps. Within each lap, a high degree of oscillation in velocity was observed, which broadly reflected changes in terrain, but high-resolution data demonstrated additional nonmonotonic variation not related to terrain.Conclusion:Participants adopted an even pace strategy across the 5 laps despite rapid adjustments in velocity during each lap. While topographical and technical variations of the course accounted for some of the variability in velocity, the additional rapid adjustments in velocity may be associated with dynamic regulation of self-paced exercise.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Even Between-Lap Pacing Despite High Within-Lap Variation During Mountain Biking

Martin

Lambeth-Mansell

Azevedo

et al. 2012

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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“…power output relative to a given effort) rather than fixed power output. This approach is helpful for the comparison of athletes when it is done at the power output matched to their physiological responses during racing and training 11,12 . Although increases in fixed power output should be associated to greater muscle activation and pedal force application and/or to greater pedal force effectiveness, power output defined from intensity-based methods should be used to assess cyclists' strategies to accommodate changes in power output for a given exercise effort.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Pedaling Technique in Cycling: A Cluster Analysis

Lanferdini¹,

Bini²,

Figueiredo³

et al. 2016

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance

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The purpose of this study was to employ cluster analysis to assess if cyclists would opt for different strategies in terms of neuromuscular patterns when pedalling at the power output of their second ventilatory threshold (POVT2) compared to cycling at their maximal power output (POMAX). Twenty athletes performed an incremental cycling test to determine their power output (POMAX and POVT2; first session) and pedal forces, muscle activation, muscle-tendon unit length, and vastus lateralis architecture (fascicle length, pennation angle, and muscle thickness) were recorded (second session) in POMAX and POVT2. Athletes were assigned to two clusters based on the behaviour of outcome variables at POVT2 and POMAX using cluster analysis. Clusters #1 (n=14) and #2 (n=6) showed similar power output and oxygen uptake. Cluster #1 presented larger increases in pedal force and knee power than Cluster #2, without differences for the index of effectiveness. Cluster #1 presented less variation in knee angle, muscle-tendon unit length, pennation angle and tendon length compared to Cluster #2. However, Clusters #1 and #2 showed similar muscle thickness, fascicle length and muscle activation. When cycling at POVT2 versus POMAX, cyclists could opt for keeping a constant knee power and pedal force production, associated with an increase in tendon excursion and a constant fascicle length. In conclusion, increases in power output lead to greater variations in knee angle, muscle-tendon unit length, tendon length, and pennation angle of vastus lateralis for a similar knee extensor activation and smaller pedal force changes in cyclists from Cluster #2 compared to Cluster #1.

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“…Atualmente, quase 2000 atletas competem nesta que é considerada uma das mais importantes provas da modalidade, já que é classi catória para a etapa do Havaí 6 . Com a popularização do triátlon "Ironman" e o crescente número de competidores nas diferentes etapas do circuito mundial, o nível pro ssional dos atletas aumentou ao longo dos anos 1,[7][8][9] . Associado a isso, novos equipamentos foram desenvolvidos ("aerobars", quadros de carbono e potenciômetros) e novas metodologias de treinamento têm sido propostas (inclusão do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade, do treinamento de força e/ ou potência e a utilização de estratégias como o "taper") os quais vem contribuindo para a melhora do desempenho esportivo 2,[5][6][7][8][9] .…”

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Análise do desempenho em atletas de elite no "Ironman" Brasil entre os anos de 2003 a 2010

Carmo

Ramos

Elias

et al. 2014

Rev. bras. educ. fís. esporte

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ResumoO objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a evolução no desempenho no "Ironman" Brasil entre os anos de 2003 a 2010. Adicionalmente, verifi camos qual modalidade apresentou maior infl uência sobre o desempenho fi nal na prova. Foram analisados os 10 primeiros colocados da categoria elite masculino de cada ano avaliado. As diferenças entre os tempos foram analisadas por ANOVA, seguida por "post-hoc" de Tukey. O coefi ciente de correlação de Pearson foi empregado para investigar a associação entre o desempenho total e o desempenho nas diferentes modalidades isoladas. Os resultados mostraram não ter havido evolução no desempenho ao longo dos anos, sendo observada grande variação nos resultados. Foi observada, ainda, correlação entre o tempo de prova no ciclismo e o tempo total (r = 0,82; p < 0,01), sendo que o atleta com melhor tempo no ciclismo foi, também, o campeão da prova em 75% das vezes. Por fi m, concluímos que não houve evolução no desempenho ao longo dos anos analisados. Adicionalmente, o ciclismo parece ser a modalidade determinante para o sucesso do atleta no "Ironman" Brasil. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Desempenho esportivo; Corrida; Ciclismo; Natação.Durante uma prova de triátlon os atletas devem realizar sequencialmente três diferentes modalidades de resistência: a natação, o ciclismo e a corrida 1 . Dentre as suas diferentes categorias, o triátlon de longa duração talvez seja uma das mais tradicionais da modalidade e uma das provas de resistência mais desa adoras do mundo e, por esse motivo, recebe o nome de "Ironman". Nesta, os atletas devem realizar 3,8 km de natação, 180 km de ciclismo e 42 km de corrida 1,2 . As características fisiológicas do triátlon são similares às demandas das modalidades esportivas analisadas individualmente. No entanto, as demandas siológicas durante a prova são bem mais complexas do que nas provas simples uma vez que, se a intensidade do esforço for muito alta em uma das modalidades, ela poderá comprometer o rendimento nas modalidades seguintes 3 . Sendo o triátlon de longa distância considerado uma prova de "ultra-endurance", ela é realizada em intensidades próximas ao limiar anaeróbio 4,5

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Dynamic Pacing Strategies during the Cycle Phase of an Ironman Triathlon

Abstract: These data show evidence that a nonlinear dynamic pacing strategy is used by well-trained triathletes throughout various segments and conditions of the Ironman cycle phase. Moreover, an increased variation in torque and speed was found in the headwind versus the tailwind condition.

Cited by 58 publications

References 34 publications

Even Between-Lap Pacing Despite High Within-Lap Variation During Mountain Biking

Even Between-Lap Pacing Despite High Within-Lap Variation During Mountain Biking

Differences in Pedaling Technique in Cycling: A Cluster Analysis

Análise do desempenho em atletas de elite no "Ironman" Brasil entre os anos de 2003 a 2010

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