Dynamic Nature of Noncoding RNA Regulation of Adaptive Immune Response

Abstract

Immune response plays a fundamental role in protecting the organism from infections; however, dysregulation often occurs and can be detrimental for the organism, leading to a variety of immune-mediated diseases. Recently our understanding of the molecular and cellular networks regulating the immune response, and, in particular, adaptive immunity, has improved dramatically. For many years, much of the focus has been on the study of protein regulators; nevertheless, recent evidence points to a fundamental role for specific classes of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in regulating development, activation and homeostasis of the immune system. Although microRNAs (miRNAs) are the most comprehensive and well-studied, a number of reports suggest the exciting possibility that long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) could mediate host response and immune function. Finally, evidence is also accumulating that suggests a role for miRNAs and other small ncRNAs in autocrine, paracrine and exocrine signaling events, thus highlighting an elaborate network of regulatory interactions mediated by different classes of ncRNAs during immune response. This review will explore the multifaceted roles of ncRNAs in the adaptive immune response. In particular, we will focus on the well-established role of miRNAs and on the emerging role of lncRNAs and circulating ncRNAs, which all make indispensable contributions to the understanding of the multilayered modulation of the adaptive immune response.

Laser capture microdissection followed by next‐generation sequencing identifies disease‐related microRNAs in psoriatic skin that reflect systemic microRNA changes in psoriasis

“…Hierarchical clustering based on these 24 deregulated miRNAs distinguished PP Epi from PN Epi (Figure S2). Potential biological relevant miRNAs in the epidermis include miR‐21, ‐146a and ‐223 previously associated with inflammation . Consistent with previous work using whole‐tissue samples, miR‐125b and miR‐99a were found to be significantly downregulated.…”

Highly skewed distribution of miRNAs and proteins between colorectal cancer cells and their exosomes following Cetuximab treatment: biomolecular, genetic and translational implications

“…Expression levels of miR-150 decreased during progression of CRC tumors [41]; its enforced expression in colon HT29 cells lowered c-Myb and Bcl-2 levels, thus enhancing cell apoptosis [42]. MiR-150 is upregulated in mature resting B- and T-cells, while it is strongly downregulated in their cell precursors and upon immune activation [43]; its overexpression in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells impairs B-cell and T-cell development [44]. MiR-433 inhibits HeLa cell proliferation following treatment with 5-FU; it is downregulated in gastric carcinoma [45, 46]; it also reduces NK cell cytotoxicity and acts synergistically with other miRNAs to allow immune control escape [47].…”

Epigenetics and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: a Comprehensive Review and Implications for Autoimmunity

“…They identified 38 SNP loci on lncRNA from PBC and found that 21 out of them were shared by psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, celiac disease, and inflammatory bowel disease [185]. LncRNA AK053349 was linked with activation of T lymphocyte and partially overlaps with miRNA cluster 17-92, whose overexpression in lymphocytes leads to autoimmune disease in mice [186,187]. Indeed, LncRNA AK053349 was highly upregulated in activated CD8+ T lymphocytes, and its sequence is highly evolutionary conserved between mice and human [188,187].…”