“…Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are promising in solving them by increasing the population diversity. There are many techniques for the EAs to maintain the diversity, such as fitness sharing (Goldberg and Richardson, 1987), crowding (Mengshoel and Goldberg, 1999;Mahfoud, 1993), restricted tournament selection (Harik, 1995), speciation (Li et al, 2002), clearing (Pétrowski, 1996) and dynamic multi-objective techniques (Jiao et al, 2017).…”