Dynamic feeder dyke systems in basaltic volcanoes: the exceptional example of the 1809 Etna eruption (Italy)

Geshi, Nobuo; Neri, Marco

doi:10.3389/feart.2014.00013

Cited by 32 publications

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“…It seems that dyke thicknesses are—at least partially—controlled by the stiffness of the intruded rocks (Figure ), as thicker dykes are only found cutting the relatively more compliant breccias (typical stiffness of 1–10 GPa: Gudmundsson, , ; Gudmundsson et al., ), while thinner dykes cut both more compliant and stiffer volcanic sequences (typical stiffness up to 100 GPa: Gudmundsson, , ; Gudmundsson et al., ). This relation matches fully the results obtained from models and previous field studies (see Geshi, Kusumoto, & Gudmundsson, , ; Geshi & Neri, ; Gudmundsson et al., ; Keating, Valentine, Krier, & Perry, ; Rivalta, Böttinger, Schnese, & Dahm, ; Rivalta, Taisne, Bunger, & Katz, ). However, we found no dykes intruding layers with different stiffness.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The brecciated nature of dykes has previously been explained as due to mechanical erosion processes—such as particle collision and wall collapse—or as related to phreato‐magmatic or, more generally, an explosively driven origin (eg, Geshi & Neri, and references therein; Vezzoli & Corazzato, ). Other studies show dykes with bulging and lobate margins intruding brecciated host rocks, resulting from magma propagation along a self‐induced shear fault (eg, Mathieu, van Wyk Vries, Holohan, & Troll, ; Petronis et al., ); in these cases, a mix of dyke breccia and crushed host rock is observed (Petronis et al., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many of these studies analyse the influence on dyke emplacement of the physical parameters of both host rock and intruding magma. Dyke thickness is highly dependent on the local stresses along the potential dyke path (load of the volcanic edifice above the dyke, depth and distance from the edifice; for example, Pinel & Jaupart, ) and on the stiffness (Young's modulus, “E”) of the medium they traverse, with thicker dykes found in more compliant host rocks (eg, Delcamp et al., ; Geshi & Neri, ; Gudmundsson et al., ). Dyke dip is also found to be deflected or arrested at the contact between layers (Browning & Gudmundsson, ; Gudmundsson, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When crossing layers of similar stiffness, or when the upper layer is more compliant, the dyke changes from more to less vertical; however, when the upper layer is stiffer, the dyke tends to be deflected to form a sill (Gudmundsson, ). Although there are several studies focusing on the field characteristics of dykes (eg, Daniels, Kavanagh, Menand, & Sparks, ; Delcamp et al., ; Ferrari, Garduño, & Neri, ; Gautneb & Gudmundsson, ; Geshi & Neri, ; Geshi & Oikawa, ; Goto et al., ; Gudmundsson, ; Gudmundsson & Brenner, ; Gudmundsson et al., ; Kavanagh & Sparks, ; Petronis, Delcamp, & van Wyk de Vries, ; Vezzoli & Corazzato, ), most are focused on their geometrical features; their textural patterns have received much less attention (eg, Ferrari et al., ; Gautneb & Gudmundsson, ; Geshi & Neri, ; Geshi & Oikawa, ; Goto et al., ; Gudmundsson et al., ; Petronis et al., ; Vezzoli & Corazzato, ). However, textures can provide information on the dyke's emplacement history.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Remarkable variability in dyke features at the Vicuña Pampa Volcanic Complex, Southern Central Andes

et al. 2017

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Section: Discussionsupporting

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Remarkable variability in dyke features at the Vicuña Pampa Volcanic Complex, Southern Central Andes

et al. 2017

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“…Drainage has also been inferred from studies of exposed vent deposits and dyke feeder systems at a range of depths (Lefebvre et al 2012;Geshi and Neri 2014;Wadsworth et al 2015). At greater depths, regions of both upwards and downwards flow have been identified within a single camptonite dyke at Higby Mountain, Connecticut (Philpotts and Philpotts 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Proximal lava drainage controls on basaltic fissure eruption dynamics

et al. 2017

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Hawaiian basaltic eruptions commonly initiate as a fissure, producing fountains, spattering, and clastogenic lava flows. Most fissures rapidly localize to form a small number of eruptive vents, the location of which may influence the subsequent distribution of lava flows and associated hazards. We present results from a detailed field investigation of the proximal deposits of episode 1 of the 1969 fissure eruption of Mauna Ulu, Kīlauea, Hawai'i. Exceptional preservation of the deposits allows us to reconstruct vent-proximal lava drainage patterns and to assess the role that drainage played in constraining vent localization. Through detailed field mapping, including measurements of the height and internal depth of lava tree moulds, we reconstruct high-resolution topographic maps of the pre-eruption ground surface, the lava highstand surface and the post-eruption ground surface. We calculate the difference in elevation between pairs of maps to estimate the lava inundation depth and lava drainage depth over the field area and along different segments of fissure. Aerial photographs collected during episode 1 of the eruption allow us to locate those parts of the fissure that are no longer exposed at the surface. By comparing with the inundation and drainage maps, we find that fissure segments that were inundated with lava to greater depths (typically 1-6 m) during the eruption later became foci of lava drainage back into the fissure (internal drain-back). We infer that, in these areas, lava ponding over the fissure suppressed discharge of magma, thereby favouring drain-back and stagnation. By contrast, segments with relatively shallow inundation (typically less thañ 1 m), such as where the fissure intersects pre-eruptive topographic highs, or where flow away from the vent (outflow) was efficient, are often associated with sub-circular vent geometries in the post-eruption ground surface. We infer that these parts of the fissure became localization points for ongoing magma ascent and discharge. We conclude that lava inundation and drainage processes in basaltic fissure eruptions can play an important role in controlling their localization and longevity.

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Exhumed conduit records magma ascent and drain-back during a Strombolian eruption at Tongariro volcano, New Zealand

et al. 2015

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anomalies at Izu-Oshima volcano (Watanabe et al. 1998). In these examples, down-flow of magma 51 was proposed as the most tenable explanation for the observations, which range from geophysical to 52 petrological in nature. However, the direct kinematic record of down-flow in conduits is rarely 53 exposed or reported. 54Repeated cycles of draining of basaltic magma from a lava-lake at Kilauea Iki are recorded 55 texturally by accreted veneers of basalt that preserve evidence for downward ductile deformation 56 (Stovall et al. 2009). In this example, repeated cycles of lava-lake filling and draining that drove the 57 formation of these features with plastering, cooling and preservation of the veneers occurred over 58 short timescales. Cyclicity of draining and re-filling at lava lakes may be driven by outgassing-induced 59 pressure instabilities at a conduit reference depth such that densification of magma during passive 60 degassing leads to pressure build-up at the conduit base (Witham and Llewellin 2006). evolved from andesite to basaltic-andesite compositions, and the basaltic-andesite eruptions produced 91 a proximal scoria cone (Fig. 2). The site stratigraphy can be divided into pre-Red Crater deposits, the 92 Red Crater volcano andesite lavas and the Red Crater volcano basaltic-andesites including the scoria 93 cone (Fig. 3). 94The pre-Red Crater Tongariro Trig andesite, a 65-110 ka (Hobden 1997) porphyritic block 95 lava, ≥30 m thick and dipping 30° north, underlies all proximal Red Crater volcano deposits (Fig. 2) 96 and pre-dates the last glaciation (14 ka; McArthur & Shepherd 1990). The Red Crater volcano andesite 97 lavas are the most voluminous products from this eruptive centre (Hobden 1997;Stevens 2002) and 98 underlie the Red Crater basaltic-andesites which include lavas, the proximal scoria deposits and fine 99 grained distal tephra ( Fig. 2; Moebis et al. 2011). 100The basaltic-andesite beds in the lower sections of the scoria cone are interbedded with layers 101 of lava with relict spatter deposits that grade laterally into less dense, granular scoria beds (Fig. 2-3), 102indicating that in these lower parts of the cone, the scoria locally agglutinated upon deposition. Where 103 agglutination is evident, scoria clasts in the lower part of the scoria cone are flattened parallel to 104 bedding (Fig. 3). Clasts in the upper parts of the scoria cone are more equant, porous and angular, with 105 no evidence for agglutination or flattening (Fig. 3). The basaltic-andesite lavas outside the scoria cone 106 were emplaced in basins to the north and south of the vent and are locally inter-fingered with scoria 107 For Bulletin of Volcanology Overlying the scoria are finely laminated beds of tuff and lapilli-tuff, ranging in thickness 114 from a few millimeters to tens of centimeters (Fig. 2). The grainsize of the laminated tuff ranges from 115 fine to coarse ash. The lapilli-tuffs range from massive to low-angle cross-stratified, and locally have 116 impact-sags beneath blocks up to 50 cm. Large, meter-size...

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Dynamic feeder dyke systems in basaltic volcanoes: the exceptional example of the 1809 Etna eruption (Italy)

Cited by 32 publications

References 40 publications

Remarkable variability in dyke features at the Vicuña Pampa Volcanic Complex, Southern Central Andes

Remarkable variability in dyke features at the Vicuña Pampa Volcanic Complex, Southern Central Andes

Proximal lava drainage controls on basaltic fissure eruption dynamics

Exhumed conduit records magma ascent and drain-back during a Strombolian eruption at Tongariro volcano, New Zealand

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