“…Rechargeable batteries have been widely used in the integration of renewable resources, power energy of electric vehicles and electronic equipment, and many other fields. − Currently, lithium-ion batteries and lead–acid batteries dominate the market due to their high energy density and well-established technology. However, limited lithium resources, safety concerns, and environmental issues have gradually hindered their ability to meet the evolving demands of society. , In recent years, significant advancements have been made in the development of cost-effective and high-safety water-based battery systems, including univalent water system Na + , K + batteries, bivalent water system Zn 2+ , Mg 2+ batteries, and a polyvalent water system Al 3+ battery. − Among them, aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIB) have attracted more and more attention due to the metal zinc anode with low Zn 2+ /Zn redox potential (−0.76 V vs SHE), a high theoretical capacitance of 5854 mAh cm –3 (820 mAh g –1 ), safety and resource richness, and other advantages. − However, a major problem with AZIB is developing cathode materials with high capacity and stability to match the zinc anode.…”