“…With the technological advancements of the last 20 years, some objective methods (e.g., human motion capture [ 24 , 25 , 26 ], lumbar motion monitor [ 27 ], and electromyography [ 28 ]) have been used to assist or replace expert observation, which could help to improve the accuracy of WMSD risk assessment. Biomechanical methods have also been developed to assess the WMSD risk in terms of in-vivo joint contact force and moment, and muscle force [ 29 , 30 , 31 ].…”