“…The first systematic study of droplet impact dynamics can be traced back to the 19th century by Worthington [12,13]. Since then such intriguing phenomenon has intrigued great attention and various impact outcomes, including splashing, receding/recoiling, rebound and deposition, have been observed successfully in experiments [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29]. In general, there are two important physical observables in these studies, namely, the maximum spreading factor (β) [16,20,27] and the splashing threshold(K) [15, 17-19, 21-26, 29], which have been shown to not only depend on the properties of droplet itself (size, density, surface tension, viscosity, impact velocity), but also closely reply on the surface condition(roughness, wettability) and surrounding gas (pressure, composition).…”